"I told them,
'Each of you is to throw away the detestable things that draw your eyes.
Do not defile yourselves with the Idols of Egypt.
I AM 'I AM' / I am 'JHWH' your G'd.'
'But they rebelled against me;
they did not, each of them, throw away the detestable things that drew their eyes;
and they did not abandon the idols of EGYPT.
Then I said I would pour out my FURY on them and
spend my ANGER on them there in the land of EGYPT.'"
CJB Yechezk'el/ Ezekiel 20:7-8

"So they put slavemasters over them to oppress them with forced labor ...
and the Egyptians made the Children of Israel to serve with rigor;
And they made their lives bitter with hard bondage ..."
CJB/ OJB Sh'mot/ Exodus 1:11-14

According to the Book of Jubilees Chapter 45 Verse 16 father Jacob gave all his scriptures to his son Levi to preserve and renew them. So Levi wrote about Joseph’s death and his prophecy that G’d will ‘pâqad’ visit the Children of Israel (Genesis 50:24); the original old hebrew translation of pâqad in this context has to be “G’d will afflict or beset them” (compare Exodus 20:5, 34:7 Jeremiah 5:9.29 Hosiah 2:15 Amos 3:2) before he will lead them to the promised land. So Joseph before his death already knew and prophezised the affliction of enslavement coming over the Children of Israel. In Exodus 20:5 and Deutoronomy 5:9 G‘d is warning that idolatry will lead into affliction up until the third and fourth generation. The Exodus of Israel out of Egypt took place 1606 BC at the end of the fourth generation …

TYPES OF WORK OF ISRAELITES IN EGYPT

In order to better understand the different phases and different types of slavework of the Israelites we have to first understand the typical work of an Israelite in Egypt before they became enslaved. A Southern Egyptian Pharaoh Khamose inscription about his campaign into the north against the Canaanite Hyksos c. 20 years before the Exodus describes the situation of the Hebrew inhabitants of Avaris when his soldiers entered the city: “the women of Avaris can no longer give birth because there is no longer a man to open their hearts”. This leads to the question where were all the male Israelites when Kamose entered Avaris? How did their (slave) work look like and where did it take place? For the answer we have to go back to the very beginning of the history of Israel in Egypt:

As we know from Chapter Joseph, the Bible, and indirectly from Josephus, Pharao Amenemhet did set the Israelites as Shepherds and Cattle herdsman over all his cattle and sheep which was a tremendously huge amount because at the end of the famine he owned the complete amount of all cattle and sheep in Egypt as we have already learned. So their biblically confirmed main work in the beginning was working as the King’s Shepherds. But the people of Israel grew tremendously each generation so the variaty of typical work also grew. Biblically confirmed many Israelites were also working on the fields of farmers (Exodus 1:14) which was also the work of over 80% of all Egyptians. A third typical job was offered by JOSEPH’s adoptive father-in-law POTIPHAR (Khnumhotep II): As shown in Chapter Joseph he was the highest supervisor of all copper and turquois mines in the Sinai Desert. And the oldest Hebrew alphabetical inscriptions discovered in the mines prove that Israelites must have worked in these mines. Furthermore we have already learned that JOSEPH initiated a huge Canal building up project from Kahun/ Lahun/ Fayum to the Lake of Moris. Highest supervisor of the Israelite workers were JOSEPH’s son EPHRAIM as mayor Senwosret Ankhu and as next his grandson SHUTELAH as mayor Resseneb. These Israelites mainly lived in the workers’ town Kahun in their working periods. The fifth type of work was building Jacob’s House, Joseph’s palace, the administration residence and the growing necessary amount of mudbrick buildings of Avaris for the Israelites. After Jacob’s death the tribefathers built up their own town at the City of On/ Heliopolis near huge grasslands for cattle and sheep according to Josephus and Emmerich. All these building projects in Northern Egypt needed a huge amount of mudbrick production thus it became a typical biblical confirmed work for Israelites from the very beginning on. In the time of JOSEPH all of this was regular “paid” work. Men lived mainly at their work location while their wifes and children mainly lived in Avaris. In the time of MANASSE’s sons Pharaoh Wegaf & Khendjer temples were built up and a huge Pyramid. All of this daily work became changed into slavework after “a foreign ruler arose in enmity against Egypt who did not (want to) know JOSEPH” - the Canaanite Hyksos Invasion. So the Egyptians were the main profiteers of the enslavement of Israel and they were the daily seen slave drivers in the life of the Israelites which explains the focus on them in the Bible. And additional biblically and archeologically evidenced huge building projects were initiated by the Canaanites in the time of Israel’s enslavement …

1729 BC: 

The Canaanite Hyksos Invasion of 1729 BC is archeologically evidenced by many war emergency burials in that time in Avaris excavated by Manfred Bietak’s team. But because of 75 non evidenced and non existing years in the highly speculative Chronology of the 13th Dynasty they were not able to recognize this evidence as the by Manetho attested Hyksos Invasion of the Canaanites identified by the ancient Book of Jubilees and Bietak’s archeological evidence; Bietak decided to speculatively interprete the evidence as a possible Semitic „plague“. Rohl interpretes this alleged plague as one of the ten plagues Israel had allegedly to suffer ignoring the Bible reveals the Israelites were spared from these plagues. After these brutal archeological evidenced massacres (Manetho) in the Canaanite 'Hyksos' Invasion, Israel was forced under hard labor by the Canaanite Hyksos King Samuquenu/ Salitis guided by the Egyptian elite who had lost everything (compare evidence in Chapter Joseph) under JOSEPH‘s rulership and salvation of Egypt out of the big famine. Enslaved Israel had to build up firstly the by war destroyed city of biblical Ra-amezes/ Avaris, having been the first ensettlement place of Israel, secondly their worker’s town Phytom/ Lahun, and thirdly the Hewbrew district of On/ Heliopolis, home of Israel's tribefathers since father Jacob's death (acc. to AKE and Josephus). These three locations were fortified/ enwalled on order of the Canaanite Hyksos. Officially these walls were built in order to avoid further invasions of other eastern peoples …

The three locations are called by a Hebrew term rendered in the Authorized Bible Version "treasure cities" and in the Revised Bible Version "store cities." The Septuagint renders them πόλεις ὀχυραί/ "strong [or "fortified"] cities.“ (Exodus 1:11).

The translational options fortified cities and store cities are both matching the archeological evidence according to Avaris Excavator Bietak: Avaris was not fortified until the start of the 15th Dynasty of the Canaanite Hyksos - then it became enwalled and the oldest Canaanite Hyksos palace owned an extraordinary deposit capacity revealing Avaris was also a store city: „According to Manetho, the Hyksos enclosed this whole area with a HIGH, STRONG WALL …“ (from Josephus, Contra Apionem, I.14, §§ 73‑92).

The second mentioned biblical fortified/ enwalled town is Pithom: The 10th century Jewish scholar Saadia Ben Joseph of Fayyum identified the town Pithom in his Judeo-Arabic translation of the Pentateuch as Faiyum acorrding to very old local traditions. Up until today Faiyum has always been named „Pitomi" in Hebrew, derived from the millennia old traditional identification of Fayum with Biblical Pithom (c. Mossad Harav Kook 1984 p. 63). Kahun/ Lahun in Fayium had been a Semitic slave workers' town of the Second Intermediate Period. It was excavated and identified by the Father of Egyptology Flinders Petrie. He also found archeological evidence of the first alphabet there with recently by Petrovich identified Hebrew words and biblical names. Petrie was also the first one who identified the inhabitants as probable Hebrews. This Hebrew workers' town Kahun archeologically evidenced turned into an enwalled fortified slave workers town in the time of the Canaanite Hyksos Invasion and was abruptly completely abandoned in the time of the Exodus of Israel out of Egypt and Pharaoh Ahmose’s Canaanite Hyksos Expulsion. The reader is invited to compare the quality of evidence for Lahun being Pithom with other locational candidates for Pithom.

Furthermore archeological evidence of Canaanite fortification city walls in LeONtopolis are matching enslaved Israel building the third fortified/ enwalled location biblical ON in Heliopolis evidenced in the 5th century Latin version of the Book of Jubilees 46:14. The Greek Septuagint (OT) of the third century BC also confirms this third city "ON, which is Heliopolis." LeONtopolis was like near BabylON a contemporary part of the huge maybe oldest town of Egypt ON. ON was originally much bigger than centuries later when it was renamed as Heliopolis.

Phytom/ Lahun does unveil the hidden Canaanite motive of building fortress WALLS around these three biggest Hebrew locations: They are according to all evidence in this work the three main Hebrew towns of Egypt - and all three of them were enwalled! ENWALLED towns can be used as GHETTHOS in order to prevent Hebrew slaves from fleeing to Southern Egypt the Kingdom of the Hebrew Shepherd Kings. This is not be the last time in history that official „defense fortification WALLS“ are primarily built and used AGAINST INSIDE PRISONERS instead of as claimef against outside enemies (eg. the german wall, the korean border, and other communist borders). And it is not the last time in history that Hebrews are ENWALLED as slaves and decimated (1940 Central and Eastern European enwalled Jewish Ghettos). In 1729 BC the biblical tremendous growth of Israel must have reached already over 100.000 on its way to three millions; Avaris became the „largest city of the world“ according to excavator Bietak. Manetho wrote about the new Canaanite King Salitis „This place he rebuilt and fortified with massive WALLS placing there a garrison of as many as 24.000 heavily armed to guard his frontier.“ and the Bible says „There a new king/ foreign ruler arose in enmity against Egypt and spoke to his people: ‚Look, of the the people of the children of Israel is many and MORE than us. Well on we want to DAMPEN them …“. 

All in all we can conclude that the fortification walls of the three centers of Israelites in Egypt Ra’amezes/Avaris, Pythom/Lahun, and On/LeONtopolis and the garrisons of soldiers had two parallel purposes:
1. Holding CAPTIVE the Hebrew slaves in their ghettos and avoiding their flight to the Southern Hebrew Dynasty.
2. Defending these ghettos against potential attempts at liberation by their Hebrew Southern Dynasty brothers.

We find additional corroborating evidence for this assumption in Josephus‘ cited alternative copy of Manetho‘s record giving a second translation option of the title Hyksos from Shepherd Kings into CAPTIVE Shepherds: „In another copy the expression Hyk, it is said, does not mean ‚kings‘: on the contrary, the compound refers to ‚CAPTIVE-Shepherds‘. In Egyptian Hyk, in fact, and Hak when aspirated expressly denote ‚CAPTIVES‘. This explanation seems to me the more convincing and more in keeping with ancient history.“ And in Josephus Contra Aponiem „Manetho says that this race of so‑called Shepherds is, in the sacred books of Egypt, described as ‚CAPTIVES‘".

1710 BC: 

After the biblical observation (Exodus 1:12) of a tremendous population growth of Israel a new phase came up in Exodus 1:13-14: Now the forced labour was hardened and oppressed by regular „violance“. In this time the contemporary biblically and archeologically evidenced Hebrew midwife Shipra is together with Puah commanded by Pharaoh Samuquenu/ Salitis to kill all Hebrew male newborns. In the next passage about the Brooklyn Papyrus we will investigate the outcome, the historical background and the archeological evidence of this story.


1686 BC:

In the last reign year of King SakirHar/ Apakhnas he orders the killing of all Hebrew male children. This time the order is given to the entire people (Exodus 1:22) of Egypt. The thousandfold massacre ends with Pharaoh‘s death after 10 months in the year when MOSES was born (Jubilees 47:2-4, 48:14). Manfred Bietak confirms c. 50% infant or newborn deaths in that time (Avaris Eastern Town layers F/E3). Rosalie David (in „Pyramide Builders of Ancient Egypt“ p.180-210) confirms many several months old infants‘ sceletons buried beneath the floors of the houses in the Semitic Slaveworkers‘ town Lahun (Phytom).

After Hyksos King Aphaknas' sudden death, the less anti-hebrew Hyksos King Khayan stopped the by Aphaknas ordered mass murder of Hebrew male babies and young children. As we will later learn, Khayan was the father of the biblical „Pharao‘s daughter“ and sowith adoptive grandfather of Hebrew MOSES and father-in-law of the Hebrew Southern King Sobekhotep IV. There is an archeologically evidenced increasing exchange with and mutual influence between Canaanite Northern and Hebrew Southern Egypt in this time. All these interconnections speak for a phase of reduced oppression of the People of Israel in Northern Egypt between 1686 and 1658 BC. 

1658 BC: 

The essential re-worsening of Israel's situation after 1658 BC is documented for 1646 BC by MOSES' biblical visit of his 'brethren' to inspect their "struggling of forced labor" in Exodus 2:11 after anti-Hebrew Canaanite 'Hyksos' King Apophis in 1658 BC usurped the throne. 

A comparison of the amount of hairline cracks in the Semetic sceletons of the Hebrew Easter Town of Avaris in the different phases
a) 1729-1710 layer G1
b) 1710-1697 layer F/E3
c) 1697-1686 layer E3/E2
d) 1686-1658 layer E2/E1
e) 1658-1617/1618 E1/D3/D2
f) 1617/1618-1606 layer D2

Phase d) should reveal lower amounts of hairline cracks.

1821-1729 in the Bible is 1821-1645 in Egyptology including 75 non evidenced & non existing years, therefore 1729-1606 in the Bible is 1645-1530 in Egyptology. Israel’s Ensettlement in Avaris happens 1821 BC according to the Bible as also to Leading Egyptologists. The 13th Dynasty counts 92 years according to the Bible and 176 years according to the highly speculative assumptions of Leading Egyptologists without evidence for 75 years.

1625 BC:

When Southern Egyptian Ahmoside Pharaoh Kamose waged war against Hyksos Pharaoh Apophis, he managed to conquer a part of Northern Egypt which could have been a used opportunity of the Ahmosides to become the owner of an essential part of the Northern Hebrew slave workforce. But the most plausible probability is that the majority of Hebrew slaves were simply rented by Ahmose I who ruled 1618-1581 BC (‚1542-1506‘ BC) from the Canaanite Hyksos ruler Khamudi: King of Egypt Khamudi 1617-1606 BC (‚1542-1531’BC) had no essential archeologically evidenced Northern building projects thus mainly used his Hebrew slaves for the biblical mentioned fieldwork (Exodus 1:14) while Pharaoh Ahmose I stringly needed a huge amount of slave workforce for a necessary mud brick production in order to make his archeologically evidenced huge mud-brick building projects all over his Southern Empire possible (c. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Egyptian Pharaohs, London 2009, page 11) including the Last Egyptian Pharaoh's Pyramide of History biblically evidenced in Exodus 1:14. All these Southern-Egyptian building projects - mainly mud-brick building projects - archeologically evidenced had to be canceled abruptly (c. Grimal 1988, p.200) in the time of the Hyksos Expulsion, more precisely in the biblical year 1606 BC of the Exodus of Israel out of Egypt. The locations of these huge building projects were Karnak/ Thebes, Memphis, Heliopolis/ On, Buhen, and in Abydos Ahmose's Pyramid.  The Pyramid finally had to be filled makeshift with sand and soil without any inner mud-brick structure due to the sudden mud brick production collapse in 1606 BC ('1531 BC'). The reason for this sudden mud-brick production collapse was biblically evidenced for exactly this year; the sudden Exodus of its strongly needed huge Hebrew slave workforce.

In addition to the Rehkmire tomb painting showing Semitic slavework mud brick production, a leather scroll in the Louvre which dates to the time of Ramesses II mentions forty stablemasters (junior officers) who each had a quota of 2000 bricks to be made by the slaves under them. Two further Egyptian papyri (Anastasi IV and V) record that “there are no men to make bricks and no straw in the district". This highlights the importance of straw as a binder in brickmaking. It also confirms the biblical dismay the Israelites must have felt when Pharaoh stopped the supply with straw, but still required the same number of bricks to be made (Exodus 5:18-21). Thus Egyptian ancient records clearly affirm the biblical description of the process of making bricks (Bryan Windle, Top Ten Discoveries related to Moses and the Exodus in: Bible Archeology Report Sept24 2021).

The modern Egyptologists' claims that Pyramids and huge building projects of ancient Egypt were not built by slave work but solely by paid skilled Egyptian workers are revealed as misleading dualistic thinking by the fact that the necessary biblical and archeological evidenced mud brick production is a typical nonskilled primitive work every unskilled person could be forced to do; This irrational claim of non existing contemporary slavework detects clear evidence for its antibiblical motivation behind it because without the Bible there would obviously be no reason for this weird attempt having come up in Egyptology. Its origin is rooted in the opposition against the legendary tale the Israelites would have built the Pyramids of Egypt which is not a 100% wrong because they indeed built the last Pyramid of an Egyptian Pharaoh in history as we will investigate further on later …


1606 BC:

The strictly biblical year of the Exodus 1606 BC (‚1531‘ BC according to the outdated Chronology of the Second Intermediate Period) is also the Radiocarbon proved year of the Santorini/ Thera Eruption. It is also the strictly biblical year of the following Ten Plagues evidenced on the contemporary Ahmose Stela and in the later Ipuver Papyrus. And it is finally the year of the loss of the complete Canaanite army of the Hyksos which enabled Ahmose’s I Hyksos Expulsion in the same year.
Manfred Bietak‘s excavations deliver the archeological evidence for Avaris having been abandoned abruptly by its Semitic population in the same year. Rosalin David confirms the the archeologically evidenced sudden abandonement of Lahun by its complete Semitic population. Everything is archeologically evidenced for the strictly biblical year of the Exodus of Israel out of Egypt. 

“I am I AM your God,
who brought you
out of the land of Egypt,
out of the abode of SLAVERY.“
‭‭Sh'mot/ Exodus20:2‬ ‭CJB

According to the complete unfalsified Biblical time data MOSES was born 1686 BC. That is 64 years after JOSEPH's death and 43 years after the Invasion of the Canaanite Hyksos and the Enslavement of Israel. The Canaanite Kings of Egypt in the North in the time of MOSES in Egypt were Apachnas, Khayan, Apophis. And finally, 1606 BC at the time of MOSES‘ return, it was the last Canaanite Hyksos Pharaoh Khamudi; They were all Canaanites and self-announced Hyksos. Furthermore they were ruling as an occupation force from the North over Egypt suppressing the Egyptians and holding the people of Israel under enslavement through Egyptian slave drivers. MOSES was born into the 4th generation of Israel in Egypt. He was the son of AMRAN, son of KAHAT, son of LEVI which already proves the biblical 215 years and disproves the 430 years of Israel in Egypt theory as inadmissible. He was born 3 years after his father AMRAN returned from Hebron in Canaan. There AMRAN and his brothers had buried his 11 forefathers during the second campaign against the Canaanites 1729 BC (Jubilees46:9). He most plausibly went a second time from Egypt to Canaan in the time of his son MOSES' birth in order to prevent being forced to throw him into the Nile as described in the Book of the Yasher Chapter 65, in Jubilees 47:2 and in Acts 7:18. 1000 Hebrew male newborns were murdered that time. So only MOSES' mother Jocabeth and MOSES' sister MIRIAM are biblically present at the time of his birth. MOSES' birth happened in the seventh month of murder on all Hebrew male newborns commanded by Canaanite Pharaoh Apaknas (Exodus 1:16-22, Acts 7:23.30.36, Jubilees 47). According to rabbinical traditions the birth of the saviour of Israel out of bondage had been foretold before to Pharaoh by his soothsayers. The complete story turns out to be a foreshadow of the Messiah; In Pharaoh issued the cruel command to cast all Hebrew male children into the river (Exodus 1,22, c. Matthew 2). It was in the biblical year 1686 BC (1605 BC) when Hyksos King Apaknas initiated 7 months of murdering 1000 male newborn Israelites (Exodus 1:16-22 Jubilees 47,48:14). Bietak confirms an extremely high mortality of male newborns in Avaris around 1686 BC evidenced by a tremendous increase of newborn skeletons. The excavated contemporary male bone percentage in Avaris sinks from 50% to 40% thereafter.

MOSES was born (Exodus 2:2) after these seven months of male newborn mass-murdering. He was hidden at home for three months. Then he had to be hidden in a basket at the River Nile for seven days until according to Josephus and rabbinical traditions (Josephus, l.c. and Jubilees, l.c.) a great heat came over Egypt and all the royal and noble searched for refreshing in the Nile as like also Pharaoh's daughter. MOSES is found by Pharaoh's daughter MERIS/ Merestekhi/ Mereryt: Pharaoh Apaknas dies the same day and the new 4th Canaanite Pharaoh Khayan, the father of MERIS, will reign for 28 years.

Jubilees 47:2 says that even the Hebrew fathers themselves were forced to throw their own sons into the Nile full of crocodiles. Greek Jewish Saint Stephanos in Acts 7:18 relates on this tragedy in the Book of Jubilees, that Pharaoh "mistreated the fathers, so that they had to abandon their babies, so those didn't stay alive." In the Book of Jubilees they hid MOSES for three months at home and then for seven days in a basket at the Nile: In the night his mother breastfed him and in the day his sister guarded him. And because of the great summer heat the Canaanite elite who did not need to work regularly took a bath as custom in the cool river Nile. This led into the finding of MOSES by Pharaoh's daughter initiated by MOSES' sister Miriam; Like all Israelites she plausibly knew that  Hyksos Pharaoh Khayan’s daughter Tarmut/ Meris/ Mererit was very Hebrew friendly. This is already indicated in the Ethiopian Book of Jubilees 47:5: She was accompanied only by Hebrew maids as contemporarily known by the Israelites.

(Exodus 2:9) In MOSES' first 20 years his real mother Jocabet had been paid by his adoptive mother for raising up MOSES. ".. when the child was grown up, Jocabet brought him to Pharaoh's daughter and Moses did become her son." (Exodus 2:10) And Pharao’s daughter "called out his name". This is literally a legal act to be the entitled owner of the child. And she "called out his name Moses, saying 'for I have pulled him out of water.’" Thus the literal old Hebrew translation of the Bible reveals MOSES as being primarily an Egyptian name-calling. (In contrast, certain Egyptologists claim, they would have been the ones who allegedly revealed that MOSES would be an Egyptian name instead of a Hebrew name. They misuse this as an argument against the trustworthiness of the Bible allegedly claiming Moses would be an original Hebrew name.) MOSES in Egyptian means "child of" or "born out of". In Hebrew, it means "pulled out of" which reflects MOSES having been pulled out of the water as a newborn. MOSES is Israel's biggest hero and thus certainly became a popular Hebrew name up until today. For twenty years, from 1666 BC to 1646 BC MOSES lived a Prince's life first at the Palace of Hebrew Pharaoh Sobekhotep IV and his first wife Meris/ Mereryt in Southern Egypt Thebes. "He was educated as the Queen's son" according to ancient historian Georgios Kedrenos. MERIS became Queen over complete Egypt. Holy Stephanos in the New Testaments confirms "MOSES was taught in all wisdom of the Egyptians" (Acts 7:22).


(Picture above)
Avaris Northern Egypt - "late Hyksos period":
(Exodus 2:5) Pharaoh's Daughter/ Canaanite Hyksos King Khayan's Daughter MERIS depicted with a princess diadem finds MOSES in the River Nile. She was a Canaanite Princess of a Hebrew friendly Hyksos King, she had Hebrew maidservants, she became the wife of a Hebrew Pharaoh, and she became the loving adoptive mother of a Hebrew slaves‘ son making him Prince of Egypt. So we can assume Pharaoh (Khayan) and his daughter (Meris) were Hebrew friendly.

(Picture below)
Avaris Northern Egypt - The "late Hyksos period":
A by Egyptologists so-called "Canaanite Hyksos" Princess Diadem.
JOSEPH's wife ASENATH was worshipped by the Egyptians as Zeneneth/ Inuit/ Henut, wife of Month/ Khnum, and she sometimes was depicted as an antelope or with antelope horns. She was also merged with Isis, wife of Osiris (see Chapter Joseph): Was this diadem ASENATH's former Queen-Diadem later becoming the Diadem of MOSES' adoptive stepmother, biblical Pharaoh's daughter?

The Canaanite Hyksos King Apakhnas died directly the day MOSES was found and saved; then the 7 months of murder on one thousand male newborn Israelites ended. The next Canaanite Hyksos King Khayan reigned from 1686 until 1658 BC before Hyksos King Apophis usurped the throne and reigned for 41 years. The Hebrew Southern Pharaoh Sobekhotep IV achieved a co-rulership role over complete reunited Egypt together with his father in law Pharaoh Khayan after he had married his princess daughter Meris.

The balance of power between both is revealed by Sobekhotep's IV titles and the contemporary Temple of Amun donation inscription in Thebes regarding his father-in-law Hyksos King Khayan: "the Ruler of the North has come to Thebes". 50 sealings of both rulers together from a secure and sealed excavation location have been confirmed by the Egyptologists Moeller, Marouard, and Ayers as archeological proof for the simultaneous rulership of Khayan and Sobekhotep IV. They furthermore confirm Sobekhotep IV is also named Khanephere or Chenephres which is the name of MOSES' Pharaoh stepfather; Sobekhotep IV is the King Chenephrês of whom ancient historian Artapanus 1 BC says that he was "king of the regions above Memphis (for there were at that time many kings in Egypt)" in the lifetime of Moses (Euseb., Praepar. Evang. IX.27: see also Clement of Alexandria, Strom. I.23, 154). Sobekhotep IV and his brothers were placed timely behind Sobekhotep III in the Turin King List because Sobekhotep‘s III Brother-Quatro and Sobekhotep’s IV Brother-Trio have in common to call themselves Kingsons while none of their brothers being any son of a Pharaoh. Only the placement of the reign time of Khayan within the 15th Dynasty is debated between the Egyptologists; Logically without any success ... Only Robert Porter proposes a second option "that Sobekhotep IV reigned much later - eg. in the 17th Dynasty - than previously thought - in the 13th Dynasty." (Robert M. Porter: The Second Intermediate Period according to Edfu, Goettinger Mizsellen 239, 2013, p. 75-80).

Khayan was the last Canaanite King of Egypt who called himself officially Hyksos: He changed this as soon as he reunited and ruled over complete Egypt together with Sobekhotep IV. From then on he used Egyptian Pronomen and Nomen like the Southern Pharaohs (Kim Ryholt 1997, 124) already had done from the beginning of the 13th Dynasty on. Egyptologists mostly call his time the “15th Dynasty domination of Thebes” or the time when Thebes was "sacked by the Hyksos" in the time of change from Khayan to Apophis. Kim Ryholt has to reduce this time to 2 years (compare Kim Ryholt 1997 186/189/190) in order to make his 17th Dynasty Chronology (without Neferhotep, Sithator and Sobekhotep IV, V, VI) work out somehow. The reason of Leading Egyptologists' for preventing a revision and correction of the order of Pharaohs of the 13th/ 17th Dynasty by repositioning Sobekhoteph's IV is their staying stuck in traditionally fixed not yet realized incorrect orderings, reign lengths, lacunae, and fictitious kings in the Turin King List  (compare Ryholt 1997 10,12,13,17). 

It is 1666 BC. 20 years after the mass murdering of all Hebrew male firstborns and his birth MOSES becomes officially the Son of the Queen's and Prince of Egypt. According to the ancient Historian of the 3rd century BC Artapanus, the adoptive mother of MOSES was Pharaoh's daughter called Meris/ Mereryt. She became the first wife of Pharaoh Khanephere already identified as Sobekhotep IV in the time of the northern Hyksos Pharaoh Khayan who is called by Artapanus in Greek "Palmanothes".

According to Stephen C. Meyer, Artapanus additionally confirmed the 17th and parallel 15th Dynasty as the time period when Egypt had the highest number of changing and parallel Pharaohs: "... for at that time there were many kings (more accurately translated: rulers) of Egypt ...". Artapanus clearly distinguished between a Northern Pharaoh who "treated the Jews badly" meaning the ongoing enslavement of Israel and a Southern Pharaoh "over the regions beyond Memphis" which mirrors exactly the situation of the Canaanite 15th Dynasty and the Southern Hebrew 17th Dynasty where all Hebrews were free. Sobekhotep IV is identified as Southern Egyptian Pharaoh "Chenephres who was King over the regions beyond Memphis." (Charlesworth 1985, p. 898).

Other name forms of MOSES' adoptive mother's name MERIS - a Greek form of the Egyptian name Mererit - in ancient sources are Mouthidis, Thermouthis (Josephus), Thermuthi, Ra'usa, Thermouth, or Termot (Book of Jubilees). Her body maids, who carried infant MOSES out of the water, were identified as "female Hebrews" in the Ethiopian translation of the Book of Jubilees. Mereryt was also the name of famous Pharaoh Amenemhet's III daughter, who married Ankhu/ EPHRAIM over one century earlier. MERIS' father’s ending of the 7 years enduring mass murder of Hebrew male firstborn infants, his daughter's name of a Hebrew King’s Queen, her Hebrew body maids, her falling in love with the Hebrew baby MOSES and her marriage to a Hebrew Southern Pharaoh altogether strongly speak for a phase of relief for Israel.

According to David Rohl's book "The Exodus" the first of Pharaoh Sobekhotep's IV sons is called Sobekhotep Miw spoken as "meow" which would also be a pet name for a cat. David Rohl thinks this is a probable hypocoristic for the fuller name MOSES. Kim Ryholt identifies Mio with Prince Sobekhotep on the Wadi el-Hudi stela. The ancient historian Josephus cites Queen MERIS saying to her husband King Sobekhotep IV "I have brought up a child who is of a divine form... I thought proper to adopt him for my son, and the heir to thy kingdom!". The marriage between Khayan's daughter MERIS and Sobekhotep IV was obviously connected with a deal: The power-seeking Vassall Pharaoh promised the inheritance of his kingdom to his career enabling wife's adoptive son (MOSES) Miw. He publicly presented him as his first and eldest Kingson and successor: Miw is confirmed as eldest Kingson and successor on the Wadi Hammamat stela according to Kim Ryholt (Ryholt 1997, p. 230). Later on Sobekhotep IV and MERIS had two own blood children together. They were called Sobekhotep/ Djadja and Haankhef/ Ikarnofret. However Sobekhotep IV married after his 8th regnal year (compare Ryholt 1997, p.230) a second now fully Hebrew wife and had a son Amenhotep and a daughter Nebtiunet with her. Her Egyptian name was Tjin or Tjan. Nebtiunet will be later identified as second named Tetisheri in the passage explaining the period of the 17th Dynasty of the Ahmosides.

The time of the Canaanite Hebrew Co-Rulership above Egypt of Khayan and his son-in-law Sobekhotep IV (stepfather of Moses) is also counting the first eight years of MOSES’ Crownprinceship in Egypt. Then Khayan dies and the Cananite throne usurpator Apophis degrades Sobekhotep IV back into his Southern Egyptian Vasall Pharaoh position. And Israel’s slavework burdens (Exodus 2:11) reworsened again. After 12 more years Moses decides to visit his suffering people:

Lahun in Fayum is identified by old local rabbinical scriptures as the biblical Hebrew slave workers' town Phytom. Lahun owns an archeologically evidenced Semitic workers' ghetto separated by walls from the wealthy part of the town. Many male newborn skeletons were found buried under the house floors of the ghetto confirming Pharaoh Apakhnas commanded biblical killing of all Hebrew male newborns. Lahun was near the border between Northern Egypt and Southern Egypt. The North was ruled by Canaanite Hyksos Pharaoh Apophis and the South was ruled by Prince Sobekhotep Miw's (MOSES's) stepfather Hebrew Shepherd King Sobekhotep IV (ULAM) when MOSES was 40 years old. So Lahun was the most easily accessible Hebrew slavework place reachable for MOSES who was living in Southern Egypt. Thus it is the most plausible place where MOSES should have visited his "suffering brothers" to check their working conditions.

In Exodus 2:11 and Jubilees 47:10 MOSES was 40/41 years old when he went out to the "AH" the “belonging” of his people. While in the Greek Septuagint AH is translated as “adelphoi” itis biblically translated into english as “brothers”. However this can by no means be taken as proving evidence for MOSES having several different blood brothers; Because AARON is his only brother, a fact no Christian has ever been questioning up until today. In other biblical cases the potentially misleading translation into his brothers instead of into his belonging ones as a matter of fact had a crucial impact on Christianity one and a half millenia later what makes this knowledge critically relevant; Even the Greek translation of the Aramaic or Hebrew original his “belonging ones” into his “adelphos” does not lead into the unequivocal identification of anyones blood brother like it seems to do in English or German. In the Greek case adelphoi is still primarily used as a short term for any relatives. The English word brother (primarily meaning blood brother) like also cousin never existed as any word in the old Hebrew or Aramaic language and that was the mother tongue of biblical authors. The Hebrew word AH has to be translated depending on the case as belonging one or close one, close or distant relative, family member or familiar one, cohabitation member or close neighbour, tribesman or national comrade, close friend or allied comrade. Even familiar foreigners or believe community members were called AH. Similar in Greek. An unequivocal blood brother in the English or German primary but even also not exclusive understanding has to be confirmed by the term “Son of” followed by the name of the common father. The mother's name clarifies different mothers and the same father or different unexpected fathers. But in this case usually the different fathers' names follow (see Proverbs 30:4, Psalm110:1 and 109:1,3 and Mathew 22:41-46; 1:16; 27:56). An exception can be a hereditary adoptive son in law who married a sonless father's daughter as it happens in Luke 3:24. According to Torah based Jewish law a widow with sons could be adopted by no one else to accommodate her and care for her than only by her blood sons who have the exclusive duty and right to accommodate and care for her. Only a widow without living children could be adopted by relatives or close ones for shelter and care (compare John 19:26-27).

The Jewish expected Messiah is rabbinically also called the Son of Joseph, the Moshiach Ben Yoseph: JOSEPH is in Egypt is rabbinically seen as a Foreshadow of the Messiah's waging war against the evil forces and of his suffering, dying and arising in Psalm 89 & 22. BENYAMIN is the only full-blood brother of JOSEPH. Genesis 46:22 identifies them both as two of twelve brothers and as Sons of JACOB. But on the other hand, they are also identified as their mother RACHEL‘s two only sons. This way they are biblically identified as two full-blood brothers. The word AH or adolphoi is not able to clarify this matter. Then mother RACHEL is from her time up until today adored and praised as the matriarchal spiritual Mother of Israel and the most influential Advocate for jewish believers. She is called for intercession towards the Almighty for example in case of a mother's strong desire to have children (compare Luke 1:48). And King SOLOMON is the Son of DAVID and the Son of his Queenmother BATHSHEBA. SOLOMON‘s brother is called Adonia the “son of” Haggit in 1 Kings 2:13 in order to reveal their different mothers. This Adonia makes intercession to his King's Queenmother as the most influential advocate of the empire because he is knowing that the King will not refuse the advocacy of his Queenmother as the Word of G'd says in 1 Kings 2:16,20. The Kingdom of Israel - later seperated into Israel and Judah - lasted for half a millennium from 1096 to 586 BC. From King SOLOMON on (1016 BC) the King’s mother had always been the Queen of the Kingdom sitting on the throne next to the King until the end of Kingdom time (1 Kings 2:19, 2 Chronicles‬ 25:1‬, 2C hronicles‬‭ 29:1‬, Jeremiah 29:2, etc.). For Jewish believers their Messiah’s mother has naturally without saying always been considered as Queenmother of the Kingdom of the King of Kings; And like the King also the Queen always had to be adored and praised according to the Bible. Thus Israel always also knelt down in front of the Queenmother of their King. This leads especially for Messianic Jews to the question of what kind of treatment towards their Messiah’s, their King’s mother did the Hebrew Bible thus indirectly demand from the Jewish disciples of the Jew Yeshua and how did the very first Messianic Jews and Early Christians then most plausibly and consistently treat the Queenmother of their King of Kings?

The Messiah is the Son of David and also his LORD according to Psalm 110:1. He is the King of Kings according to Psalm 2:6 and the highest Prophet according to MOSES who prophesized about him in Deutoronomy1 8:19 (compare John 1:45 & 5:46). The Bible says true subservients of their King/ Messiah are fulfilling the Word's prophecies (check Luke 1:48) obediently throughout all generations (Greek: genea) and the future coming of the King of Kings, the Messiah, will fulfill the Tanakh‘s prophecies in the end of time (Zechariah 12:10-14).

The Messiah was also called the „Son of G’d“ in ancient Israel: Mark 14:61 says „… the Kohen Gadol Highpriest was questioning him and says to him, Are you the Rebbe, Melech HaMoshiach, the Messiah HaBen Hamevorakh the son of the blessed G‘d?“. The answer „I AM“ (“JHWH”) lead to the judgement „You heard him commit Chillul Hashem gidduf (blasphemy). How does it seem to you? And they all condemned Rebbe, Melech HaMoshiach to be deserving of mishpat mavet death“ according to Leviticus 24:16. Exactly 100 years later Bar Kokhba was appointed as Messiah King by Rabbi Akiva, Chief of the Sages, Highest contemporary representative of Judaism. In https://jewsforjesus.org/jewish-resources/messianic-prophecy/the-messiah-would-be-called-gods-son we read „Psalm 2 speaks of the nations of the world plotting against both God himself and his ‚Anointed‘. Originally, this referred to the Davidic king, but the scope of what is described here, as well as later Jewish tradition, understood this to be referring to the Messiah, the Almighty’s Ultimate, the Anointed. In Vers 7, G’d specifically calls the Anointed ‚my Son‘ and promises worldwide rule in the face of the laughable opposition of the nations who counsel rebellion against G’d. Vers 12 is sometimes translated, ‚Do homage in purity,‘ or something similar, especially since the word in that verse for ‚son‘ is not the Hebrew ben as in verse 7, but the Aramaic bar, which seems out of place. Therefore, some have looked for an alternate translation. However, the switch to bar can be because (1) the psalmist is addressing the nations of the world, for whom Aramaic was the common language; and (2) otherwise, the Hebrew would have an odd-sounding phrase, ben pen (‚Son, lest‘), here made better by having bar pen.“
(Compare Mark 1:11, Luke 3:22, Acts 4:25-28, Acts 13:33, Hebrews 1:5, Hebrews 5:5). In the Hebrew Bible Son of G’d is used about angels (Job 1:6), about the nation of Israel (Exodus 4:22-23), and about Israel’s king (2 Samuel 7:14). This lead to later different understandings of Psalm 2 between Jewish and Christian believers in the first millennium AD.

Only for Christians: There was more to Moses decision to visit his kinsmen and watch them struggling at forced labour as sparsely told by Exodus 2:11; The former Pharisee Shaul (PAUL) was also the former student of the famous rabbinical teacher of the law Gamiliel, highly honored by the people of Israel (Acts 5:34) in the time of Jesus. Thus Shaul (PAUL) was one of the most educated scribes and pharisees of his time: And he reveals in Hebrews11:24-26 that Moses visiting his “brothers” was much more than just a visit; Moses repented and turned back from his former „enjoying his passing pleasures of sin“ as Egyptian Prince and instead „chose being mistreated along with God’s people“ as Hebrew slave; He even „refused to be called the son of Pharaoh‘s daughter“ anymore. According to PAUL the reason of this radical change of mind and life was not primarily his turn back to his roots after having seen the suffering of his people but instead his beforehand deeper conversion regarding his faith in the one and only G‘d of Israel. Even his given awareness of being the chosen one, the redeemer of Israel out of bondage, can be already seen here in his fruitless attempts to speak with his brothers as ruler and judge in Exodus 2:14 one day after having killed an Egyptian as brutal suppressor and agressor against one of his „brothers“. This is secondly confirmed by the greek jewish disciple and first martyr Stephanos who reveals that Moses erroneously „thought his ‚brothers‘ would realize that God through his (MOSES) hand wanted to redeem them but they didn’t realize it“ (Acts 7:25 Allioli Bible AD 1875 comment: „So Moses was already supernaturally instructed about his destiny“). Thus MOSES was indeed going to live the life of a Hebrew Slave instead of an Egyptian Prince when he reached Pythom (Lahun). His disappointing experiences as possible redeemer of Israel out of its bondage already in his first two days at the mudbrick production slavework center explains the motives for his hesitations in front of the burning Bush about fourty years later …

The slave workers' town Lahun in Fayum (Phytom) is the most plausible place where Moses, who had grown tremendously in popularity, visited his “brothers” and had to flee afterward. Lahun in Fayum is near the border between Northern and Southern Egypt; Here you could easily inspect how bad the situation for the Hebrews in Canaanite Northern Egypt in fact was. Furthermore you can quickly withdraw back into the Southern Vassall Pharaoh's terrain. From Lahun MOSES had to flee (Exodus 2:15) to Midian evidenced in Arabia beyond the Gulf of Acaba biblically called Yam Suf. He had to flee away from the Canaanite Hyksos Pharaoh and King of Egypt Apophis: Apophis death sentence was "death by manslaughter" after MOSES had man slaughtered an Egyptian who mistreated an Israelite slave. Literal old Hebrew reveals this as a juridically easy to justify reaction on MOSES’ deed; Not only according to the law of Egypt but furthermore to the Torah itself (Exodus 22:20, 21:12, 21:23-25). On the other hand rabbinical scriptures explain Moses did not commit murder in killing the Egyptian (Ex.ii.12) because this Egyptian merited death for he had forced a Hebrew woman to commit adultery with him (Ex.R.i.33).

In this time Sobekhotep IV already had been reduced to be only Southern Vassall Pharaoh of Thebes again like his predecessors; He was now paying Vassall tribute to the Canaanite throne usurpator Pharaoh Apophis (Almunecar Vase, Marie d'Almunecar-Molina, Fs Domas II, 517-524). According to Kim Ryholt, Apophis ousted not only Sobekhotep IV from his overall Egyptian throne but also would have ousted Pharaoh Khayan's eldest Kingson Yanassi (Ryholt p. 256). The author proposes an alternative mor plausible probability: Sobekhotep's enormous power hunger and tactical behaviors was evidenced by his marriage and his in ancient scriptures evidenced attempt to send his stepson and throne heir MOSES into death by an ordered military campaign against the Kushites. This lust for power brings him under the suspicion to be the (eg. poison) murderer of his brother Pharaoh Neferhotep I's son and throne successor Sihathor who is evidenced as Pharaoh without any reign time: This speaks for a sudden death breaking the heart of his father Neferhotep I and leading into the enthronement of Sobekhotep IV. This kind of power-seeking murder could have been repeated a second time by Sobekhotep against his father-in-law Khayan's beloved son Yanassi, who - as well as Sihathor - suddenly disappears regarding his historical evidence. This attempt to take over the sole rulership over Egypt the way he took over the southern rulership would also explain as a reaction the sudden usurpation of the throne by the Canaanite military commander and later Pharaoh Apophis who took advantage of this sudden opportunity against the plans of the hated Hebrew ULAM (Sobekhotep IV).

Because of the huge fame of MOSES especially in Southern Egypt, he had become an even more dangerous rival for his stepfather (ULAM)Sobekhotep IV. He thus could not expect any shelter from him but instead had to fear him too leading to even two reasons to flee out of Egypt. In the 3rd century BC, historian Artapanus writes Chenephre/ Chaneferre/ Sobekhotep envied Moses' virtues and "was looking for an opportunity to destroy him". So he had sent MOSES against the invading Ethiopians. But this had led to even bigger fame for Moses after his victory. Thus now a flight to Midian beyond the Egyptian-controlled Sinai Peninsula would have been the only locational chance to survive for him. Now Sobekhotep IV was finally able to break easily his promise to his wife MERIS to make MOSES (Sobekhotep Miw) the heir to his kingdom; MOSES/ Mio is archeologically confirmed as originally first listed son of Sobekhotep IV on the Wadi Hammamat stela. After his death ULAM’s own firstborn son of his wife MERIS Sobekhotep/ Djadja became Pharaoh Merhotepre Sobekhotep V. With his sudden death after only three years of reign ULAM’s only full Hebrew son of his wife Tjan called BEDAN/ BN Amenhotep became Pharaoh Khahotepre Sobekhotep VI. Pharaoh Sobekhotep VI also suddenly died after only 5 years of reign. The reader has to keep in mind that since Sobekhotep IV we are not talking any more about a Vizierking Dynasty electing its Pharaohs. So after two centuries we are back again in a classical Pharaoh Dynasty of lifelong ruling Pharaohs. Pharaoh Sobekhotep most likely had introduced a Dynasty full of murderous intrigues endeding at latest with the first Egyptian Ahmoside …

According to Josephus' account (see Moses in Hellenistic Literature), MOSES after his marriage to the daughter of the Ethiopian king did not become King of Ethiopia: He led his troops back to Egypt, where he remained. The Egyptians and even Pharaoh himself were envious of his glorious deeds. He feared that MOSES might use his power to gain dominion over Egypt. They therefore sought how they might assassinate him. MOSES learning of the plot fled to Midian; This narrative of Josephus agrees with two haggadic accounts, according to which Moses fled from Egypt to Midian and it also fits quite well to other  mentioned findings.

According to the Bible, Israel's Enslavement in Egypt was the Almighty's judgement for Israel's idolatry in Egypt (Hezekiel20:8). In Chapter Joseph headlined JOSEPH's SON MANASSE - IDOLATRY OF ISRAEL IN EGYPT we have learned that Israel's idolatry in Egypt was introduced by JOSEPH's firstborn son MANASSE; After he was set behind EPHRAIM by his grandfather ISRAEL's blessing he decided to follow in his adoptive grandfather POTIPHAR's/ Khnumhotep's II footsteps and became Priest of Amun in Thebes and introduced the semimonotheistic worshipping of the deity Amun at least by his Hebrew tribe and by the Southern Egyptians. After the Ten Plagues Southern Pharaoh Ahmose changed his main worship cult to exactly this semimonotheistic deity Amun. Further Idolatry of Israel in Egypt was shown in JOSEPH being hero-worshipped by the Egyptians and even some Hebrews as Khnum, Month and Osiris and his wife ASENATH being hero-worshipped as Satis/Setet wife of Khnum, as Zeneneth/Iunit/Henut wife of Month and as Isis wife of Osiris. Month, Amun, Apis and the Canaanite deity Baal (syncretism) were all often worshipped as Bull-headed deities.

The archaeologically evidenced idolatry of Israel in Egypt in contemporary Hebrew Alphabetical inscriptions in the time of MOSES mentions the Idols
Hathor and Baalath:

Baalath is the female form of Baal, the Canaanite deity of fertility, weather, rain, wind and lightning. Baal was often depicted as a bull or as a ram like also Amun and he melted in Egypt together with Amun, Month and Seth.
Some scholars say, Hathor the Egyptian Cow-Godess has also to be identified with Baalath, wife of Baal, the Bull-God:


Hathor, worshipped as cow goddess with the sun disc between her horns (like the „golden calve“), was the deity of motherhood, maternal care, of the sky, and promiscuity. She was seen as wife or mother of Horus (embodied by the living King), the son of Osiris and Isis; the Second Intermediate Period is the time of Syncretism of Isis with Hathor. Like Osiris was called the First of the Western, she was called the First Lady of the Western and the patroness of the western miners. Like Isis she was identified with Aphrodite by the Greeks.
As shown at the end of Chapter Joseph, JOSEPH’s/ZaMonth’s wife ASENATH/Henut was hero-worshipped as Isis in sycretism with many other goddesses. Her son Rensenebu being called son of Hathor Za-Hathor (CGC20102) and Zamonth giving sacrafice to Hathor for the Ka of his wife Henut (CGC42.034) speaks for ASENATH additionally having been hero-worshipped as Hathor; Hathor enables as wife and mother of Kings the reincarnation of the King as Horus, ASENATH/Henut as the King’s wife gave birth to 2 Kings and 4 Pharaohs.

Around '1700' BC acc. to Bietak a temple district to Canaanite deity Ashera and Egyptian deity Hathor was built in the eastern part of Avaris. As already explained in Chapter Joseph Egyptologist Manfred Bietak excavated a Temple of Seth in Avaris and dates it into the 13th Dynasty which would confirm Israel's idolatry towards Baal/Seth; Nevertheless because of the mistakenly 75 non evidenced and nonexistent years in the Chronology of the Second Intermediate Period (see Chapter Chronology Table Chronology of Israel & Canaan in Egypt) and because of unsafe excavation layer datings the author proposes a Seth Temple construction in the year 1729 BC which is the historical year of the Canaanite 'Hyksos' Invasion into Avaris, correctly described by the ancient Egyptian historian Manetho. This would confirm Bietak's proposal for the Seth Temple being a Canaanite construction and it is additionally confirmed by the "400-years-Stela" celebrating the Seth Temple 400st anniversary under Pharaoh Harembab around 1320 BC so that the construction time must have been around 1720 BC.

And now let's take a look at the Canaanite Idols and Roger Liebi's identification of the Egyptian Idols in Hezekiel20:8 who fell under the LORD's judgment (Exodus12:12, Numbers33:4) of the Ten Plagues so that Israel (Exodus6:7) and Egypt (Exodus7:5.17,8:10) may have the da'as/cognizance that "I AM the I AM"/ that HE is the real One and Only G'd (Exodus10:2).

First Plague - Nile Water turns into Blood:

Judgement over the Nile Floods Idols Bull-headed Apis Osiris, Month and Amun contemporary often melted with Baal and
Judgement over the Nile Idol Isis, over the Guardian deity of the Nile Khnum and over Satis/Setet the deification of the floods of the Nile River.

Second Plague - The Frogs:

Judgement over the Frog as Idol Heqet or as a manifestation of the Idol of promiscuity Hathor

Third Plague - The Mosquitoes or Sandflies &
Fourth Plague - The Dog Flies:

Judgement over Pharaoh as deity and incarnation of Re responsible for the well-being of his people

Fifth Plague - The Cattle Plague:

Judgement over Bull-headed Apis Osiris, Month and Amun and over Ram-headed Khnum, all of them often merged with the Canaanite deity Baal

Sixth Plague - The Ulcers:

Judgement over Isis who fails as Idol of Healing

Seventh Plague - The Hailstorm of Fire and Ice:

Judgement over Storm Idol Set syncretically mixed with Apis, Month, Amun and the Canaanite deity Baal - also his female form Baalath was an Idol for weather, rain, wind and lightning

Eighth Plague - The Locusts:

Judgement over Osiris, who fails as Idol of Harvest and Fertility. Osiris embodies the King‘s afterlife.

Ninth Plague - The Darkness:
Judgement over the Sun Idols Re and Horus and over Pharaoh as the incarnation of Re and Horus, also
Judgement over Baal and his female form Baalath as Idols of lightning

Tenth Plague - The Death of all Firstborn:
Judgement over Pharaoh by Death of the firstborn son of Pharaoh as the incarnation of Re, Horus and Osiris.
Judgement over Isis who fails as female Idol of Child Protection and Hathor who fails as female Idol of maternal care and protection and wife of Horus.
   
Neither Roger Liebi who identified the Egyptian Idols falling under the judgement did know about the author's archaeological evidenced identified Egyptian idols worshipped by Israel nor did Douglas Petrovich know Roger Liebi's identification of the Egyptian idol Hathor addressed by the Almighty's Judgement through the Ten Plagues. This EXACT matching of the Ten Plagues addressed idols with the idols of Israel in Egypt archaeologically evidenced by the author and Douglas Petrovich is unrefutable precise Bible proving archaeological evidence.

In Exodus5 Canaanite Pharaoh Kahmudi, the last 'Hyksos' Pharaoh, living in Memphis and Avaris (summer residence) and MOSES are the greatest opponents in the time of the Santorini Vulcano Eruption with strong global environmental consequences, when MOSES told Pharaoh the King of Egypt in the name of the one G'D of Israel to let his people go. Moving earth plates cracks lead through the Nile Delta and the Gulf of Aqaba - in 1Kings9:26 called the "Yam Suf". The Santorini volcano mega eruption caused tremendous geological atmospheric and biochemical phenomenons and a sudden ripping open and closing of sea canyons where the Earth plates touch each other.

Against this background the Ten Plagues (Exodus7:14-12:42) and the miraculous Division of the Sea (Exodus14:15-31) get further documented evidence by the Storm Stele initiated by Ahmose and the Ipuwer Papyrus, describing an environmental disaster with storms, darkness, plagues and further precise biblical people impacts (eg. the poor plunder the rich exactly like in Exodus12:35 or the river is turned to blood like in Exodus7:20). The Ipuwer Papyrus description of the Ten Plagues and the situation of Egypt under Khamudi and Ahmose I is excellently examined and documented by Tim Mahoney in his film Exodus on www.PatternsofEvidence.com. John von Peters 1966 confirms that the conditions, terms and people mentioned in the Ipuwer Papyrus dated to the Second Intermediate Period. Sage Ipuwer admonishes his Pharaoh for his failure to rectify the terrible situation. Here are some matchings of the Papyrus as Egyptian eye witness report and the Bible as Hebrew eye whiteness report elaborated by David Rohl in his book "The Exodus":

In Exodus5 Canaanite Pharaoh Kahmudi, the last 'Hyksos' Pharaoh, living in Memphis and Avaris (summer residence) and MOSES are the greatest opponents in the time of the Santorini Vulcano Eruption with strong global environmental consequences, when MOSES told Pharaoh the King of Egypt in the name of the one G'D of Israel to let his people go. Moving earth plates cracks lead through the Nile Delta and the Gulf of Aqaba, in 1Kings9:26 called the "Yam Suf". The Santorini volcano mega eruption caused tremendous geological atmospheric and biochemical phenomenons and a sudden ripping open and closing of sea canyons where the Earth plates touch each other.

For finding connectivity evidence of the Ten Plagues with the Santorini Eruption watch minute 28-43 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DqLsYonjvRY&t=4310s in English or minute 23-38 on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uns55sYkQ7U in German. 

Against this background the Ten Plagues (Exodus7:14-12:42) and the miraculous Division of the Sea in (Exodus14:15-31) get further documented evidence by the Storm Stele initiated by Ahmose and the Ipuwer Papyrus, describing an environmental disaster with storms, darkness, plagues, and further precise biblical people impacts (eg. the poor plunder the rich exactly like in Exodus12:35 or the river is turned to blood in Exodus7:20). John Van Seters (A date for the "Admonitions" in the Second Intermediate Period. In: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. 1964, n.50, p.13-23) estimates on his presupposition that it cannot be describing a historical event but just can be a sort of an allegorical poem, he concludes the conditions, terms, and people mentioned in the Ipuwer Papyrus have to be dated into the Second Intermediate Period, he roughly estimated it around 1674 BC but the precise Ipuwer Papyrus descriptions of the Ten Plagues and the situation of Egypt under Canaanite Northern Pharaoh Khamudi and Egyptian Southern Pharaoh Ahmose I at the end of the Second Intermediate Period is much more matching which is excellently examined and documented by Tim Mahoney in his film Exodus on www.PatternsofEvidence.com and by David Rohl in his book 'The Exodus'. Finally, if You look at the details, such as linguistics, you see all the words, names, and phrases that exactly suggest it was composed in the 18th Dynasty after the Exodus in 1606 BC confirmed by nearly all relating ancient writings. The author Ipuwer - whose name actually appears in a text from the period of Hatshepsut - admonishes his former Pharaoh (Ahmose I) for his failure to rectify the catastrophic situation of Egypt. Here are some matchings of the Papyrus as the Egyptian eye witness report and the Bible as the Hebrew eye whiteness report of the Ten Plagues in the time of the Santorini Eruption elaborated by David Rohl:

THE YPUWER PAPYRUS AND THE TEN PLAGUES

- The Nile turning into blood -

Exodus4:9 "YHWH said... You are to take some water from the Nile and pour it on the ground. And the water You have taken from the river will turn to blood on the dry land."

Ipuwer: "Behold, Egypt has fallen to the pouring water. And he who poured water on the ground seizes the mighty in misery."

- Destruction of crops and Death of livestock -

Exodus7:20 "And all the water in the Nile turned to blood. The Fish in the river died and the river stank so that the Egyptians could not drink water from the Nile.

Ipuwer: "The river is blood! As you drink of it you Loose humanity and thirst of water."

- Ruination of Egypt -

Exodus9:31,9:6,10:15 "The flex and the bairly were ruined .. all the livestock of the Egyptians died... The locus covered the surface of the ground until the land was devastated .. and they devoured whatever was growing in the fields and all the fruit of the trees .."

Ipuwer: "Gone is the grain of abundance. Food supplies are running short. The nobles Hunger and suffer. Upper Egypt has become a wasteland. Grain is lacking on every side. The storehouse is bare. Women say 'Oh that we had something to eat'."

- Darkness covers the Land -

Exodus10:7 "For three days there was thick darkness throughout the land of Egypt."

Ipuwer: "Those who had shelter are now in the darkness of the storm." and "the power of Ra (sun god) is not seen"

- The Death of the Firstborn -

Exodus12:29 "At midnight the Lord did strike down all the firstborn in the land of Egypt - from the firstborn of Pharaoh, heir to his throne, to the firstborn of the Captive in the dungeon... And Pharoh rose up the night, he and all his servants and all the Egyptians. And there was great wailing in Egypt, for there was not a house without its dead... The Egyptians were burying those of their own people whom YHWH had struck down."

Ipuwer: Behold, plague sweeps the land; blood is everywhere with no shortage of dead. Children are dashed against the walls. The funeral shroud calls out to you before you come near. Woe is me for the grief of this time.  He who buries his brother in the ground is everywhere .. Wailing is throughout the land mingled with lamentations."
 

- The Plundering of Egypt's wealth by the Hebrew Slaves -

Exodus12:35 "The Israelites asked the Egyptians for silver and gold jewelry and for clothing. YHWH had given the people favor in the sight of the Egyptians that they let them have what they asked. So they plundered the Egyptians."

Ipuwer: "The slave takes what he finds. What belongs to the palace has been stripped. Gold, Lapislazuli, silver, and turquoise are strung on the necks of female slaves. See how the poor of the land have become rich whilst the man of the property is a pauper."

Ahmose Storm Stela 16: "His Majesty set .. to cause the water (after the hail storm?) to evacuate without (the aid of) his (slaves?) .. to provide them with silver, with gold, with copper, with oil, with clothing, with all the products they desired .."

Especially the last passage of the Ipuwer Papyrus is used by leading Egyptologists as clear proof that this could not be a historical eye-witness report because it would not make any sense the poor becoming rich and the rich becoming poor. According to these self-called neutral, objective independent leading Egyptologists, it has to be imaginative prose and any connection with biblical content is rejected to be seen because it contradicts their dogmatic insisting on their by Jericho disproved Bible Forgers‘ Ramesses Time Paradigm which allegedly has disproved the complete Bible.

Another exciting archaeological example of biblical evidence is the Storm Stele introduced in the documentary of Simcha Jacobovici on https://youtu.be/DqLsYonjvRY. The Storm Stele of Ahmose I is seen as an eye-witness report and clear archaeological confirmation of the impacts of the Santorini Volcanic Eruption on Egypt by Radio Carbon Experts who date this biggest Volcanic Eruption of human history in the time around the biblical year of the Ten Plagues 1606 BC. This leads to the recommendation of Moeller and Ritter in 2014 to redate the time of Ahmoses I reign into this time which proves what also the Bible does prove in this work - that about 75 years of the Second Intermediate Period are highly speculative wrong time estimations and a misleading creation of non-existing time in Egyptian history (see Table Chronology in Chapter Chronology and Footnotes 2-6). The Storm Stela describes a great storm striking Egypt during this time, destroying tombs, temples and Pyramids in the Theban region and the work of restoration ordered by the king.  It tells about evidenced Santorini Eruption effects like unnatural rain, unnatural loud noises, thunder lightning, a great storm and Egypt enveloped in darkness. „God“ manifested his power is an unusual Egyptian formulation, obviously not meaning one of the many Egyptian deities, which are always concretely identified by their name if not used a general plural for them.

SYNCHRONICITY OF THE BIBLE AND THE STORM STELA 

 
Bible: God passed judgement on the Gods of Egypt
Storm Stela: "Then His Majesty said 'How these (events) surpass the power of the great god and the wills of the divinities .. the God manifested his power."

Bible: YHWH says I will destroy all their gods
Storm Stela: A huge storm is destroying tombs, temples and Pyramids The statues of the Gods of Egypt were toppled to the ground
Geologists: Results of Santorini Earthquake Storm and Volcanic hail

Bible: Egypt was struck by a hail made up of fire and ice mingled together
Storm Stela: A great unique storm, unnatural rain, unnatural loud noises, thunder lightning
Geologists: Vulcanic hail rain would be a mixture of ice and burning ash
Ypuwer Papyrus: mentions raining fire and ice according to Simcha Jacobivici

Bible: A three days darkness "you can touch" comes over the land
Storm Stela: A great darkness of (not readable) days comes over the land with no one able to light the torch anywhere.
Geologists: The Santorini Volcanic Eruption Ash Cloud creates a darkness "you can touch"

It's important to understand the up until today celebrated Passover Night of Exodus12 as the key event of the Exodus yearly repeated since 3600 years as a repeated REAL live event every Passover feast up until today all over the world where Jewish people live:

Believers in the G'd of Israel know HE did send the deliverer MOSES to free Israel from their enslavement. Their enslavement was the spiritual consequence of their archeologically evidenced idolatry in Egypt. MOSES had to lead them through the desert to the final Promised Land and they were accompanied by the presence of G'd in the Tabernacle. Before the Exodus - in order to achieve the Passover of the Angel of Death for every male firstborn in Egypt in the night of the Tenth Plague - they were commanded by G'd to kill an unblemished male lamb, slaughter it, spread its poured out blood on the doorposts for the angel of death to pass over, and eat the unleavened bread and eat the real flesh of the freshly slaughtered real lamb. This way it was the only by G’d accepted execution of their covenant with Him. Not any symbol for the flesh or symbol for the blood was accepted to save them from death. Only the REAL blood and eating the REAL flesh of the REAL unblemished male lamb ensured the Passover of Death. Any symbolistically reduced somehow similar act would have lost completely its necessary effect and would have led to death instead of life (compare 1 Corinthians 11:29-30). Later then in the desert, the People of Israel were fed with Supernatural Bread called Manna from Heaven and with Flesh from Heaven (quails) as a foretaste of the Promised Land.

Over two thousand years old rabbinical traditions fixed in the Talmud say that the Messiah will be a new Moses to free Israel from spiritual Enslavement in Sin leading them to the New Promised Land of peace and justice - a New Paradise - and finally to the eternal heavenly New Jerusalem. According to 2 Baruch 29:3-8 the Messiah will bring back the Miraculous Manna from Heaven to save their lives from eternal death. Through this, he will at the same time bring the New Supernatural Bread & Wine of the Presence of G'd Exodus 25:30; From the time of wandering through the desert on, the „bread of the presence“ of G‘d - the "lehem ha pannim" - did accompany the people of Israel: Each week, twelve fresh loaves of bread were placed before G’d in the Tabernacle and Temple. This bread did not get hard in this time proving its supernaturality; as fresh as the first day it was eaten by the priests at the end of the week. It was yearly at Pesach lifted up by the highpriest on a golden tablet as a sacrifice to G'd. It was presented in front of the Tabernacle to the people with the words "Behold, the Love of G'd!". 

Only for Messianics/ Christians:

Thus the question if the New Manna from the Messiah to be eaten is natural or supernatural (the greek word „epiousious“ meaning supersubstantial, supernatural, and daily - is used in the Our Father Prayer in Matthew 6:11 "Give us our supernatural daily bread") and the question if it is earthly or heavenly, ordinary or extraordinary, symbolic or real (compare John 6:53-55, 6:60-67 & 1 Corinthians 11:29-30) is a deciding question of belief for the eternal salvation of Israel, the Children of G'd, when the Messiah has come. These explained rituals and beliefs were renewed by Yeshua/ Jesus in his Last Supper before his sacrificed death at the cross. They were recelebrated by his Jewish followers as told in this exact only by him accepted way. And they were continued through 2000 years of Christianity from the very beginning on according to the traditions. They were believed in, practiced and celebrated in their messianic orientation as the Center and the Climax of their gathering, in the beginning was the Word. This sacrifice has been made since two millennia recurrently up to this day and will be continued for heaven’s sake until His coming. (For observational evidence click on the youtube icon in the top right corner).

Are there any remains of ancient Hebrew campsites in the desert? In the latest biblical archeological discussions one of the main settlement locations of Israel in the 40 years of wandering through the desert is discovered: The mountain Hashem El Tarif in the Sinai desert near Timna at the ancient contemporary travel route from Egypt to Mesopotamia and Canaan; The first Sinai stations after Israel came back from Midian in Northern Arabia into Sinai are the lustgraves (Numbers33:16) and Hazerot (Numbers11:35-12:16). The last Sinai station before crossing the sea was Etham at the edge of the wilderness (Exodus13:20). Hashem El Tarif at the edge of the Sinai desert matches with most biblical data as archaeological evidence for rather years or months than weeks or days of settlement, including graves of possible tribe leaders, the great grandsons of the 12 tribefathers. In the linked documentary on https://youtu.be/DqLsYonjvRY, the place is not recognized one of the desert stations in the 40 years of Israel in the desert. Instead it is confused with the Holy Mountain in the land of Midian. But according to all ancient scriptures including the Bible, Midian always was in Northern Arabia and the wilderness Sinai was not limited to the peninsula in ancient times. If You are looking for evidence for the biblical Sea Division Miracle and the real Mount 'Sinai' - actually the biblical Mount Horeb - study the documentaries on www.patternsofevidence.com. Explore the evidence for the real Mount 'Sinai' in Midian always having been in Arabia (Galatians4:25) beyond the biblical Reed Sea "Yam Suf" (1Kings9:26), today called Gulf of Aqaba (Exodus2:15.3:1): The fascinating Gebel El Lawz with overwhelming evidence for remains of Hebrew campsites on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8y-uiccIiSY&t=354s. The wilderness of the east called Sinai was geographically reduced to the peninsula up to 2 millennia later.

Canaanite Pharaoh Khamudi and his army never returned from their chase after Israel. The remaining Egyptian-Canaanites in Avaris were left on their own: Ahmose I sees his chance to turn the doom of the 'Hyksos' army into his victory wiping out the shameful memory of Egypt under the foreign Semitic rule. Ahmose I claims after having taken Heliopolis and Sile to have won a siege battle against Avaris (see picture below).

Historian Manetho (in Josephus) however states, after a composition between the Egyptians and the Hyksos was made, the Hyksos surrendered to the Egyptians in return for a safe passage back to Canaan and all of them left Egypt. Avaris Excavator Bietak states that there is no evidence for any violent destruction of Avaris: "The archaeological material stops abruptly with the early 18th Dynasty in '1534 BC' (the biblical year 1606 BC). The most likely interpretation is that Avaris was abandoned. No conflagration layer or corpses of slain soldiers have been found so far in the large and widely separated excavation areas."




Picture: Ahmose's I Avaris Victory Propaganda as After Desaster Shock Confusion Coping: Pharaoh allegedly defeats ALL Foreigners - black-skinned white-clothed Southern invaders and light-skinned lengthways striped clothed Semites (Israelites) mixed up with transversely striped clothed Semites (Canaanites). Now compare the distinguishment between Canaanites and Israelites at the end of Chapter Hyksos with this picture: This is archeological evidence for the indifference of Egyptian grown hate against all foreigners - Canaanites and Israelites are chaotically mixed up and their distinguishment gets lost in history. The memory of the brutal Canaanites being erased in the floods of the Gulf of Acaba (biblically identified as Yam Suph) by the one G‘d of Israel instead of Ahmose is from then on suppressed and the peaceful Israelites now become the main Semitic invaders and object of Ahmose’s Hyksos Expulsion. Israelites instead of Canaanites are sinking in the waters. All this confusion is manifested in priestly traditions in the following millennium and leads to ancient historian Manetho’s confusing the Canaanite Hyksos Invasion and Expulsion with the Hebrew Ensettlement, Enslavement and Exodus; This again leads two millennia later to the antibiblical successfull attempts of leading egyptologists to discard Manetho’s and 10 other ancient historians’ historical evidence of Israel in Egypt completely as allegedly „corrupted“ … 

In order to save his life and existence as Pharaoh, 

1. Ahmose had to delete and compensate the defeat of the Egyptians Gods under the Santorini Eruption Impact on the Ten Plagues and the loss of Egypt‘s complete slaveworkforce.
2. He had to delete the glorious history of Egypts savior out of famine Vizierking Joseph and his Dynasty and the two Vizierking Dynasties of his sons, grandsons and greatgrandsons. One century earlier Canaanite Hyksos King Samuqenu already destroyed all statues and artefacts revealing JOSEPH‘s grandness. Only tattered apart puzzle pieces of evidence in Southern Thebes survived thanks to the 16th/17th Dynasty. JOSEPH and his 5 Viziernames became dispersed into 5 more or less unknown Viziers. Ahmose did do the rest regarding the Vizierkingships of the 16th and 17th Dynasty.
3. Ahmose had to delete the shameful history and memory of the Egyptians having co-comitted the enslavement of their saviour’s people together with their brutal invaders and opressors. Especially his propaganda confusion picture of his alleged victory over all foreign peoples of Egypt effectively served this purpose up until today.

To delete and twist disadvantagous history into advantagous glorious history was common practice of Pharaos in ancient Egypt as commonly known in Egyptology.

Ahmose’s first attempt has already been shown in the propaganda victory picture of his „Hyksos Expulsion“.

Ahmose’s second attempt was to declare all Semitic Foreign Past Dynasties as illegitimate and non historical: The resulting archeological evidence is still seen three centuries later in the Saqarra King List and the Abydos King List: Joseph‘s 13th Dynasty of Hebrew Shepherd Kings is omitted together with his lineage’s 16th and 17th Dynasty Hebrew Shepherd Kings. ALL three Dynasties (13/16/17) had been omitted as illegal foreign Dynasties together with the Canaanite 14th and 15th Dynasty of Egypt’s brutal oppressors. Nevertheless Egyptologists still proclaim up until today the 13th/16th/17th Dynasty as to be “Egyptian” which only holds 50% true for solely Pharao Ahmose’s I family clan the “Ahmosides” who married into the Hebrew Dynasty at the end of the 17th Dynasty.

Exceptions partly unveiling the truth: 

a) Only the inscriptions of Ahmose’s I granddaughter Pharaoh Hatshepsut reveal a clear distinction between the by the Egyptians called (Hebrew) Hekashasut since Amenemhet III and the later upcoming (Canaanite) “Barbarians” in the midst of them: “I do not sleep forgetting, (but) have made form what was ruined. For I have raised up what was dismembered beginning from the time when the Hekashasut were in the midst of the Delta, (in) Avaris, with barbarians in their midst, toppling what had been made. They ruled without the Sun, and he did not act by god’s decree down to my (own) uraeus-incarnation.”

b) Only the Karnak List of the 15th century is honoring ALL Pharaohs who were involved in building any parts of the Karnak Tempel Complex and thus mentions some Pharaos of the Second Intermediate Period.

c) Only the informaly in hiratic written down unofficial Turin King List on the back of an older Papyrus reveal the names of the rotating Hebrew Shepherd Kings under Joseph’s Vizierking lineage. 

d) Only ancient historian Manetho’s 3rd century BC list of the five different Dynasties and his list of the 15th Dynasty Pharaos from “Phonecia” or “Arabia” (namely Assur, corroborated by excavated evidence of Manfred Bietak) unveils partly the truth about the Second Intermediate Period.


Nearly the complete history of all Hekhakhasut/ Hykso Dynasties had been erased by Egyptian pharaohs. “Even today, in particular, there are not found any Hyksos written texts, inscriptions and bas-reliefs, tombs, frescoes or sculptures,” confirms historian Evgenii Misetskii. “Everything that could somehow remind of the power of the Hyksos was destroyed in the country by order of the New Kingdom pharaohs” (Misetskii, “From Joseph to Moses: The Key Time of Interaction Between the Cultures of Egypt and Israel”).

Pharaoh Khamudi is nowhere mentioned as defeated or killed, neither in Sharuen, the old 'Hyksos' home base in Canaan and target of the Expulsion of the Hyksos nor in Avaris or Memphis. There is no evidence for him having survived the year 1606 BC ('1535 BC'). No grave and no skeleton had ever been found - but many chariot wheels with axles, reinforced with metal and rests of many other chariots are found on the ground of both sides of the sea Yam Suf, the Re(e)d Sea, the Gulf of Aqaba near the land of Midian (Psalm 136:15, Exodus 14:28). 

 "The Lord our God threw them into the sea
to the depths of the Abyss
in place of the Israelites,
just as the Egyptians had thrown their sons into the river.
He took revenge on one million of them:
1000 men, strong and also very brave,
perished for one infant of your people
whom they had thrown into the river."
Jubilees 48:14

Explore the evidence for the Canaanite Pharaoh and his Egyptian-Canaanite army sunk in the Sea of Aqaba on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HM7njJuarrg in English or on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=weaBUUqfPoI&list=PLEA7Bvb3a7XJErk7Bwi-wj0TDtftJkrQZ&index=4&t=38s in German. 

"The Lord our G'd threw them into the sea
into the depths of the Abyss"
and
"the earth swallowed them"
 Jubilees 48:14 and 
Exodus 15:12

 
"The water came back and covered all the chariots and cavalry
of PHRAOH's army who had followed them into the sea -
NOT EVEN ONE OF THEM WAS LEFT."
Exodus 14:28

Different successful highly creative and speculative attempts of Ramesses Time Paradigm devotees (c. 1260 BC Exodus) and 'Early' Date devotees (1446 BC Exodus) to reinterpret and heavily change the meaning of these and several other cristal clear Bible cites led into the dominant antibiblical hypothesis that the Pharaoh (and even essential parts of his army) allegedly had "biblically indicated" survived the Sea Miracle (fixed in the brains of the world by the most famous Exodus movies). This is necessary to make their Bible contradicting dating hypotheses work because their identified Pharaohs Ramesses II and Amenhotep II never lost their army, died a natural death, and left their skeletons behind in their tombs in contrast to Khamudi, King of Egypt until 1606 BC ('1531'BC), who is lying with his army on the ground of the Yam Suph, the biblically evidenced Gulf of Acaba: This enabled Ahmose I to easily expel the Canaanite people of the Nile Delta, Avaris, and Memphis out of Egypt after the ten times bigger people of Israel - most of them having lived in the Nile Delta/Avaris/Ra-amezes, Fayium/Lahun/Pythom, and Heliopolid/Leontopolis/On - already had left Egypt, had crossed the Sinai and the Sea and already had reached Mount Horeb in Midian Arabia.