Who were Joseph's Pharaohs?

"Downturned mouths, bags under their eyes, worry lines, hollow eyes - unique facial expressions in Egyptian sculptural history - two 'kings' are showing every sign of hard times in their kingdom" (British Museum). Statues of Amenemhet III and his father Senwosret III as well as contemporary poetic literature show heavy burdens on the Kingship and Egypt of the 12th Dynasty: Pharaoh's Pyramid destruction and an impending loss of the complete Egyptian harvest by the increasing floodings of the Nile and by hot eastern desert winds.

The Famine Stele

ANCIENT MAPS OF EGYPT 

KHNUMHOTEP II 

JOSEPH'S SLAVEMASTER BIBLICAL POTIPHAR?

SLAVE MASTER - CHIEF OF PRISON - SOLE FRIEND - ADOPTIVE FATHER - FATHER IN LAW

THE BIBLICAL STORY OF POTIPHAR WITH JOSEPH 
IS THE ARCHEOLOGICALLY EVIDENCED 
HISTORY OF KHNUMHOTEP II WITH KHNUMHOTEP III 

In the biblical year 1843 BC, 17-year-old JOSEPH is sold by his jealous brothers as a slave to the Medanites/ Ishmaelites from Gilead/ Shutu. The Bible says these were merchants and they sold Joseph to Pharaoh’s highest official Potiphar (Genesis 37:36, Jubilees 34:11). They sold JOSEPH most plausibly near the Egyptian border in one of Khnumhotep’s copper or turquoise mining slave work places. POTIPHAR/ Khnumhotep II visits as usual his mining places in his eastern governance territory and inspects the new slaves, regularly selecting some of them for his home palace. He chooses JOSEPH to test him as a home palace slave and takes him to his country residence in Men'at Khufu (today Minya). Genesis 39:4 says JOSEPH was so tremendously blessed with successful work that he became highest under his master. JOSEPH managed everything - even everything POTIPHAR managed beforehand himself - thus POTIPHAR retired on his estate regarding all his former tasks and decisions. 

POTIPHAR's/ Khumhotep's II role at Pharaoh's palace is biblically called the Royal Court Official. His special task is being the Chief Executioner/ Highest of Court/ Minister of Law Enforcement (= „sar tabbah“ - compare Genesis 37:36, 41:10.12). So he was also the Chief of the Royal Prison and its prison officials (see Genesis 39:20, Jubilees 39:14). These titles were biblically sometimes anachronistically translated as Eunuch instead of Chamberlain, as chief cook instead of Chief of the Royal Palace Foodstuffs Purchasing, as chief of bodyguards or captain of the guard instead of Chief of the Royal Palace Personnel and as chief prison keeper instead of Chief of the Royal Prison. These are all archeologically evidenced roles of Khnumhotep II as we learned already and they match exactly the Bible together with the Book of Jubilees.

Khnumhotep II/ POTIPHAR was also archeologically and biblically evidenced as the High Priest of On/ Heliopolis which matches Jubilees 34:11, 40:10. In Genesis 41:45 his name seemingly has transformed from POTIPHAR into POTIPHERA but in reality, it has stayed exactly the same: You have to take into account that Hebrew writing just as Hieroglyphic writing did not have any vocals: In the 1875 Allioli Bible he is still called PUTIPHARE as JOSEPH's father in law in Genesis 41:45 and in its footnote (18) it says a shorter version of this name is PUTIPHAR clearly indicating that we are talking about one and the same person here. POTIPHAR was also JOSEPH's Master and his Chief of Prison at the same time. This is revealed in Genesis 39:22 and 40:3. Jubilees 39:14 reveals additionally the House of Prison being the House of the Chief Cook/ Chief of Foodstuffs Purchasing, which is exactly one of POTIPHAR's/ Khnumhotep's II archeologically evidenced titles. Genesis 40:3 reveals the House of Prison being the House of the Chief of Bodyguards or Captain of the Guard or Chief of the Royal Palace Personnel, which has been beforehand already revealed as being one biblical title of POTIPHAR. Noble POTIPHAR was not only JOSEPH's Master but he was also the Priest of Heliopolis like noble Khnumhotep II archeologically evidenced was. He later also was JOSEPH's Father in Law POTIPHERA at the same time: This is revealed by Jubilees 34:11 (Klaus Berger Book of Jubilees 40,10a footnote) and also in Origines' ancient writings. At last Jubilees 40:10 reveals that JOSEPH marries the daughter of the Priest of Heliopolis named POTIPHAR instead! of POTIPHERA: POTIPHERA is the Chief Cook/ Overseer of ingoing Foodstuffs which is also one of POTIPHAR's/ Khnumhotep's II official titles. And Jubilees 34:11 reveals JOSEPH was sold to POTIPHAR Khnumhotep II, the Eunuch or better Chamberlain, the chief cook or better Overseer of the Royal Palace ingoing foodstuffs and finally the Priest of Elew/ Heliopolis.

This is altogether strong evidence corroborating POTIPHAR is POTIPHERA is Khnumhotep II, JOSEPH's slavemaster and later JOSEPH's Chief of Prison. 

Pictures: 1843 BC JOSEPH becomes POTIPHAR's Khnumhotep's II slave for 10 years. After being accused of sexual harassment by his noble wife, JOSEPH becomes for 3 years his prisoner in the Royal Prison POTIPHAR Khnumhotep II is Chief of. In both cases, JOSEPH's work is so tremendously blessed that he is appointed highest under him, takes over all his tasks, and gains his very most trust.

1830 BC: JOSEPH becomes Pharaoh Senwosret's III and his son Amenemhet's III Grandvizier. He is firstly called Senwosret-Ankh/ Amenemhet-Ankh and later called Zamonth. He additionally becomes adoptive son in law of POTIPHAR/ Khnumhotep II and is thus also named Khnumhotep III. In his tomb pictures, Khnumhotep II calls JOSEPH his "Sole Friend". 1826 BC Potiphar's daughter ASENAT/ ESENUT in Egyptian Henutsen gives him two sons: The dizygotic twins EPHRAIM named Ankhu and MANASSE named Senebefni/ Senebtefi Ibiaw.

Watch how the slave JOSEPH became Grandvizier over complete Egypt:
https://fb.watch/f5_wRmVUYl/

JOSEPH RECEIVING HIS FAMILY 

- ISRAEL IN EGYPT -

ARCHEOLOGICALLY EVIDENCED IN THE TOMB OF KHNUMHOTEP II

Beni Hassan Tomb Pictures are seen above this text, several below this text, on the Homepage, and finally in the logo at the left corner above. The fourth grave in connection with JOSEPH is the tomb of Noble Nomarch Khnumhotep II who has been identified already as biblical POTIPHAR. The tomb was completed no later than at the beginning of the 19th century BC most plausibly by Khnumhotep‘s II "son" Knumhotep III. He has been identified meanwhile as JOSEPH, Vizierking under Pharaohs Senwosret III and Amenemhet III (see also Chapter Chronology). 

The key evidence corroborating Khnumhotep's II tomb dating into 1819 BC and the deciding refutation of the traditional highly speculative dating attempt into 1859 BC are revealed and evidenced in the next following passage.

The funeral procession pictures inside Khnumhotep‘s II tomb show a family of important Semites in the focus of the royal house as described by egyptologist Janice Karmin. They have light skin, are wearing an up until today unique Hebrew explicitly biblical hair and beard cut, throw sticks, and compound bows. They wear uniquely and exclusively biblical Hebrew properties: White or lengthways striped filigree patterned multicolored clothing. They are bringing offerings to the deceased Khnumhotep II. The biography of the deceased confirms about Vizier Khnumhotep/ JOSEPH that he became Khnumhotep's II "Sole Friend". This would by no means be a plausible honorarium title for a blood son of his own; A blood son would have followed his father's footsteps as nomarch of the 16th nome - like his real blood son Khnumhotep IV as a matter of fact did. Egyptologists have not yet been able to explain these circumstances. But they recognized already that Khnumhotep III must have received his name from Khnumhotep II. So they interprete him being his blood son. A more plausible option is that Vizier Khnumhotep had not only become Khnumhotep's II "Sole Friend" but also his adoptive son:

Because of being a foreigner, JOSEPH was additionally married to Khnumhotep‘s II/ POTIPHAR’s daughter ASENATH/ Henut. On this way he adopted JOSEPH as his Father in Law. This way JOSEPH became an Egyptian citizen. Only in Khnumhotep's II tomb inscription Vizier Khnumhotep's/ JOSEPH‘s name shows up the number III as part of his name. In all other inscriptions he only needed to be called Vizier Khnumhotep without any number in order to be recognized. This fits JOSEPH's biblically confirmed fame, which was bigger than POTIPHAR's former fame as second highest in Egypt in these times. 

The funeral picture is showing two Egyptian officials coming together with an obviously highly relevant Semitic Family as funeral guests who are bringing offerings to the deceased. The two Egyptian officials are identified: The first one is called Neferhotep. He is the Vizier's royal scribe. He is bowing down in front of Khumhotep II. And he is presenting a poster with an announcement which will clarify later the tomb dating … The second royal official is bringing the Semite family. He is called Khety in his inscriptions above. Khety is one of the five different Viziernames of the timeframe 1830-1750 BC in the biblical Vizierkingship time of JOSEPH as already explained at the beginning of this Chapter.

On https://benihassan.com/dictionary/Khnumhotep+II+Tomb+3/A+procession+of+foreigners/ Kanawati & Evans describe Khety: "The second man is labeled jmj-r nww Htjj ‘the Overseer of Hunters, Khety’." As his very best man of his slaves and later as his sole friend JOSEPH/ Khety/ Khnumhotep logically accompanied POTIPHAR/ Khnumhotep II on his hunts in the desert. Such a hunt scene is also depicted in the tomb. It is described later. Due to his role as the Vizier of Pharaoh, one of JOSEPH's/ Khety's common tasks was accompanying the Pharaoh's huntings in an official role called the "Overseer of the Hunters". This is showing for the second time that Khnumhotep II is often honored in his tomb like a Pharaoh which is also observed by the experts in the already mentioned, examined and linked article.

Khnumhotep is mentioned on the following shown Poster of Neferhotep in the text "the Aamu (the Eastern Semites) that the son of the Mayor, Khnumhotep brought". In his analysis of the tomb picture, Franke concludes that the “son of the Mayor, Khnumhotep" in the poster text refers to Khnumhotep III who would visually allegedly "accompany the standing figure of his father on this wall" (Franke 1991, p. 57–60). Click here to check on page 25 (Janice Kamrin, The Aamu if Shu in the tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan, in: Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections, Vol. 1:3, 2009, 22-36) and check the full tomb picture above here, where You can see him in the upper right corner. But this would mean that the picture shows JOSEPH two times - once as Vizier Khety and once as Vizier Khnumhotep III. And this would also mean that Khnumhotep IV is missing on this tomb wall. This makes no sense at all.

On the other hand Franke correctly identifies Khnumhotep III with Vizier Khnumhotep who brought the Semites called "the Aamu" to Khnumhotep II as clearly described on the poster. And the tomb picture unambiguously additionally shows how he brings the Semitic family to his adoptive father. So the open question remains, why he is called (Vizier) Khety in the picture but on the other hand (Vizier) Khnumhotep in the poster text. The obvious answer is, that two different Viziernames of JOSEPH in that time are archeologically evidenced Khnumhotep and Khety. And both his names are mentioned in the tomb inscriptions. Thus as described on the poster and visualized in the tomb picture JOSEPH named Khnumhotep AND Khety is bringing his Semitic family to his adoptive father-in-law POTIPHAR/ Khumhotep II. This is only one of many following exemplars of archeological evidence corroborating the five different Vizier names of JOSEPH in his biblical reign time between 1830 BC and 1750 BC.

The close relationship and loyalty of POTIPHAR/ Knumhotep II to the Royal House of Pharaoh is emphasized in inscriptions and pictures several times: This is happening in the biblically stated time of JOSEPH as Semitic Ruler of Foreign Lands (Hekashasut) over the Royal House together with his Semitic family members as the King's Shepherds appointed by Pharaoh over all his sheep and cattle herds of Egypt according to Genesis 47:6 as we will examine in following later passages ...

1821 BC    JACOB's Clan Israel is entering Egypt for the Ensettlement in the land of Goshen 
           Father JACOB may see his dead believed son JOSEPH at last again being alive 

1819 BC: Oldest Egyptian upright weight loom in POTIPHAR's/Khnumhotep's Tomb in Beni Hasan
Khnumhotep's II wife Khety in the center - Mother of sevenlings?

JOSEPH'S WIFE ASENATH IN THE TOMB OF POTIPHAR =

VIZIER KETHY KHNUMHOTEP'S WIFE HENUT IN THE TOMB OF KHNUMHOTEP II

According to Jewish beatified Anna Katharina Emmerick AKE (1774-1824 Secrets of the Old and New Covenant, in german page 99 ff.) JOSEPH's wife ESENUT, here called ASENET, would have been an adoptive daughter of his slavemaster and Priest of Heliopolis PUTIPHAR who would have later employed her as astrologer and priestess of Heliopolis due to her visionary talents. She would have been wise, beautiful, and later would have become a "leading mother of many". She also would have „introduced the first loom“ as known in AKE’s 19th century (the upright weight loom) in Egypt: This would have to be archeologically confirmed by the first Egyptian depicted upright weight loom in her lifetime between 1850 BC and 1750 BC, and indeed You find the firstly depicted upright weight loom scene in POTIPHAR's/Khnumhotep's II tomb pictures of shortly after 1819 BC in Beni Hasan as You can see in the picture above. As Queenmother ASENETH would also have imported the first cows (zebu/bos indicus) into Egypt. And indeed around her strictly biblical lifetime (1848-1752 BC) the zebu cows firstly came up in Egypt (Wikipedia). 

Her husband JOSEPH would have introduced at the same time the ancient Mesopotamian seed plow invented by his great grandfather Abraham in the 21st century BC in Mesopotamia according to the Book of Jubilees (Jubilees11:23). And indeed Mesopotamia and Egypt are seen as the countries of origin of the plow: The oldest plow found in Europe was initially dated into the

a) 4th millennium BC and later then dated into the late Neolithic period around 2000 B.C. and then later secondly corrected and dated into the
b) the Early Bronze Age (1940 to 1510 BC).

Therefore we can assume that the oldest plows in Egypt yet speculatively estimated  into the
a) 4th millennium, will also be sooner or later corrected dated into the 

b) end of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom (Joseph's rulership time began 1830 BC)
Irrespective of this, JOSEPH‘s ruling time is the time of further development of the plow in Egypt and the seed plow is such a further development.

According to AKE ASENATH would have been as a matter of fact additionally the daughter of Father JACOB's daughter DINA following DINA's biblical premarital intercourse with SHECHEM. To save her daughter from being killed as a bastard by her brothers the child would have been brought to Egypt and sold to PUTIPHAR. Father JACOB recognizing her birthmark after having arrived in Egypt would have revealed to JOSEPH that she is not only his wife but also the daughter of his beloved and missed sister. Later JUDA and BENYAMIN would have prevented JOSEPH from being killed by his brothers DAN and GAD; They would have been stirred up by Pharaoh's son beforehand who desired ASENATH as his wife.

The consequence of this deadly sin of DAN and GAD was already mentioned in Chapter Hyksos: GAD'S son ERI (Genesis46:16) and DAN's sons SAMON, AUDI, JAKA, and SALOMON, (listed in the  Book of Jubilees 44:20 footnote d and in Klaus Berger's translation of Jubilees44:29) had to die early in Egypt without children. Another plausible consequence is the deadly punishment GAD and DAN and probably also their more passive two brothers NAPHTALI and ASHER must have feared after their father JACOB's death in 1804 BC: It does not make much sense that all of JOSEPH's brothers did fear and try to avoid being punished by JOSEPH after their father's death by referring on JACOB having said before his death JOSEPH shall forgive all his brothers in Genesis50:15-21; JOSEPH forgave them already 17 years earlier in 1821 BC when he revealed his identity to his brothers and invited them all to come to Egypt (Genesis45:5). But it does make very sense, that DAN and GAD were in fear to be punished deadly for their second attempt to murder JOSEPH stirred by Pharaoh's son thus most likely they will have been the ones in Genesis50:15-21 who referred on their father to achieve forgiveness from JOSEPH. 

According to Angela Standhartinger (Wikipedia: Asenath) the traditions in the Midrash and Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, that trace ASENATH to the family of JACOB also reveal that she was the daughter born to DINAH following her rape by SHECHEM. JACOB's sons wanted to kill the infant. DINAH left ASENATH on the wall of Egypt. POTIPHERA found her, brought her to his home, and gave her a wet nurse. POTIPHERA's wife was barren (with sevenlings?), and she raised ASENATH as her own daughter. Consequently, she was called “ASENATH daughter of POTIPHERA”, for she was raised in the home of POTIPHERA and his wife as if she were their own daughter (Pirkei de-Rabbi Eliezer [ed. Higger], chaps. 35, 37; Midrash Aggadah [ed. Buber], Genesis 41:45).

The story of "Joseph & Aseneth"  is a narrative that referred to itself as contemporary from the time of Joseph. It is readable on http://markgoodacre.org/aseneth/translat.htm. Scientists date it between 200 BC and 200 AD (H.F.D. Sparks, The Apocrypha Old Testament, Oxford University Press, 1984, pp.473-503). It is oldest evidenced in the same time as the Qumran evidenced Torah and Book of Jubilees. It was never disproved but rather confirmed regarding its origin in Egypt so it may also be of the time near its occurrences which would be the 19th century BC.

In this narrative of Joseph & Asenath "Pentephres (Potiphar) had a virgin daughter of about eighteen years of age, tall and beautiful and graceful, more beautiful than any other virgin in the land. And she was quite unlike the daughters of the Egyptians but in every respect like the daughters of the Hebrews. And she was as tall as Sarah, and as beautiful as Rebecca, and as fair as Rachel, and this virgin's name was Aseneth ... And seven virgins had the remaining seven rooms, one each. And they used to wait on Aseneth, and were of the same age as she was, for they were all born on the same night as Aseneth; and they were very beautiful, like the stars of heaven, and no man or boy had ever had anything to do with them ... And there were four gates to the court, overlaid with iron; and eighteen strong young men-at-arms used to guard each one of them."

It's a wonderful spiritual Hebrew love story and a dramatic action story: ASENATH is married to JOSEPH, whose brothers DAN and GAD plot to kill him for the sake of Pharaoh's son, who wants ASENATH to be his wife and who wants his father and JOSEPH to be killed. This is avoided firstly by JOSEPH's younger brother BENYAMIN (also confirmed by Test Jos, Josephus, Antiquitates 2.39–59) and additionally by the sons of Leah:

"And on the third day, Pharaoh's son died from the wound of Benjamin's stone. And Pharaoh mourned for his eldest son, and he was worn out with grief. And Pharaoh died at the age of one hundred and nine, and he left his crown to Joseph. And Joseph was King of Egypt for forty-eight years. And after this Joseph gave the crown to Pharaoh's grandson; and Joseph was like a father to him in Egypt." ‘Joseph was like a father to him’ is an attempt to more plausibly translate the original meaning which seemingly made not much sense: “Joseph was (also) his grandfather”. In Hebrew father and grandfather are the same word.

Pharaoh Amenemhet III died in 1798 BC and JOSEPH died in 1750 BC. Pharaoh Amenemhet's daughter Mereret married EPHRAIM (Ankhu). So their son, Amenemhet's grandson Resseneb, is also JOSEPH’s grandson in Hebrew called SHUTELAH as You will learn later in this Chapter. And he indeed became a later King as told in the Story of Joseph and Asenath as we will see.

ASENATH is hieroglyphically written in old Egyptian Henu-t which is also the most famous female name in her (adoptive) father Khnumhotep's II nomarch genealogy: Henu was the grandmother of the first Oryx nome nomarch Khnumhotep. Thus Henu was the name of the Nomarch Dynasty Clan Mother of Khnumhotep II. According to Egyptologists the southern fourth wall in Beni Hasan (next big picture) shows Khnumhotep's II wife Khety sitting in front of a full offering table and her daughters are standing behind her in the same row and in the next row and there are also many further sons so they had a lot of children. Thus three of the eight daughters are standing beneath in the next line of the tomb picture and are accompanied by 18 strong young men many of them explicitly identified as sons of Khumhotep's II wife Khety. 

Therefore we have INDEED one plus seven beautiful young virgins as probable daughters of Khnumhotep and Khety accompanied by 18 possible brothers in the tomb picture: This matches EXACTLY the Story of Joseph & Asenath regarding all its numbers.

One of Khnumhotep's II daughters is called Tjat and has special economical talents: As a sealer, she is responsible for all valuable goods of Khnumhoteph II and is depicted with two slaves (half size) who support her work. She‘ll become later the wife of Khnumhotep IV evidenced as Lady of the House in his tomb. Khnumhotep IV is after Khnumhotep III (JOSEPH) the second adoptive son of Khnumhotep II for what reason Khnumhotep III is next to Lady Kethy‘s oldest son „nht“ also called „the eldest“ in the tomb inscriptions.

ASENUT/Henut being POTIPHAR’s/Khnumhotep’s II daughter is already evidenced in the inscription of JOSEPH‘s/Zamonth‘s sculpture (CG42.034): „The King gives a sacrifice to Hathor (keep in mind for later) … for the Ka of the Vizier‘s wife Lady of the House Henut-pu, daughter of the Sealer of Lower Egypt of the King … Priest of Amun (both titles of Khnumhotep II).“

But is there any Henut ASENATH in the tomb picture of Khnumhotep's II family?

For further confirming evidence Henut being Khnumhotep's II (adoptive) daughter, You are invited to search for the hieroglyph of her name-giving goddess Henu(-t) in form of a Pelicaniform called Ibis in his tomb in Beni Hassan. The following pictures show this Pelicaniform as Hyroglyphs and Khnumhotep’s II wife Khety with her daughters and sons: In the tomb hieroglyphs above her daughters You can identify different birds (a duck represents the word ‚son‘ or ‚daughter‘). Enjoy Your discovery adventure journey:

VIZIER SENWOSRET ANKHU

JOSEPHS SON EPHRAIM 

 THE 13TH DYNASTY IS A VIZIERKING'S DYNASTY

JOSEPH’S SON EPHRAIM - VIZIER ANKHU

EPHRAIM, JOSEPH'S second-born son is appointed as Co-Vizier Ankhu already under Amenemhet III. Amenemhet III honored him preferentially by calling him like he already called his father JOSEPH before: His Enlivenment = Ankh(u). He additionally honored him preferentially by giving to him his daughter Mereret as his wife. Ankhu and Mereret both had grown up together at the royal palace. Mereret is often called the King's Daughter in inscriptions. Her tomb may not have been placed directly next to her father's Pyramide for the same reason as JOSEPH's tomb: Amenemhets Pyramide lacked stability, it was built too near to the flooding Nile, which could have been the reason for Mereret having been buried near to the next pyramid, her grandfather's one. Therefore Egyptologists concluded that she would be the daughter of King Senwosret III. But among her personal adornments, there were pieces with the name of King Amenemhet III found as probable evidence for him being her real father. But Senwosret III had several wives and lived until 1819 BC so Mereret could also be his very late daughter and Amenemhet's very young sister. EPHRAIM (Ankhu) was born in 1832 BC. After his Co-Rulership 1798-1750 BC with his father JOSEPH, he became the next ruling Grandvizier and King of Egypt in 1750 BC (compare Beckerath 1964, p. 98-100). While Ankhu (EPHRAIM) already as Vizierprince took over more and more business, JOSEPH (Khnumhotep) against his will was more and more adored and worshipped by the Egyptians as a deity, and latest after his death also by parts of his own people as we will see later. He was not only adored as their Savior out of Famine but also as a so-called Father of "God's" = as a father of "god"-like Pharaohs. And he obviously was worshipped as the deity Month, as the deity Khum and later evidenced also as the deity Osiris. 

For later decades VIZIER Ankhu is "often seen as actual REAL POWER AT THE ROYAL COURT
and is considered to be one of the most significant officials of his period and pattern example for a stable management in the 13th/14th Dynasty ..."
(Rice, Michael: Who's Who in Ancient Egypt 1999 24-25 and Beckerath 1964 98-100)

 Vizier Ankhu‘s "… situation illustrates, that during his period
THE VIZIERS WERE THE REAL POWER BEHIND WEAK KINGS (Pharaohs).
The Kings were only in power for a short period, while the Viziers remained in power for longer periods."
(W.C. Hayes 1955 p. 146-47 and Helek, Geschichte, 118-119 and Junker, die Völker des Antiken Orients, 104-105).

"IN GOVERNMENT, the VIZIER assumed PRIME IMPORTANCE,
and a single family held the office for much of a century."
and "In little more than a century about 70 kings [SC: Pharaohs] occupied the throne."
Encyclopedia Britannica 

The Leading Egyptologists have up until today not realized that the quickly rotating Pharaohs of the 13th dynasty could not have been seen as so-called Kings = Lifelong Rulers of Egypt anymore and that the title King walked over to the real lifelong rulers of Egypt: Vizier Zamonth Khnumhotep (JOSEPH) and his son Vizier Ankhu Senwosret (EPHRAIM). Ankhu implemented with his father a yearly Pharaoh Rotation System to further weaken Pharaoh's former power and to stabilize peace in this Vizierking Dynasty. In 1765-1743 BC JOSEPH and EPHRAIM tried to strengthen the Vizierkingship by appointing JOSEPH's sons as Pharaohs and by marrying them with their brother EPHRAIM's daughters. That these mariages were necessary is shown by the King's beard of JOSEPH's third son Pharaoh Imyremeshaw: It's signalizing the claim to the King's dignity towards his brother EPHRAIM, JOSEPH's heir of Kingship. JOSEPH dies shortly after the death of his sixth son Wepwauthotep named Pharaoh Sobekhotep III in the first battle against the Canaanites in The Valley of Assur. EPHRAIM evidenced continued as new Vizierking the Pharaoh succession traditions by electing further grandsons of JOSEPH as Pharaohs until his own death 1726 BC after the Hyksos Invasion (see Chapter Moses).

When EPHRAIM (Ankhu) had married Pharaoh Amenemhet's III daughter Mereret in his younger years, he became the father of his two biblical sons SHUTELAH and BERIAH (1 Chronicles 7:20). SHUTELAH was EPHRAIM‘s first born son and announced as Vizier after JOSEPH‘s death. BERIAH was EPHRAIM’s fourth born son and announced after MANASSE’s clan had returned from Avaris to Thebes as we will learn to understand later. Their Egyptian Vizier names are Resseneb and Iymeru Aya or Ayameru as we will see later. As we will also see later, the 13th Dynasty - JOSPEH's Vizierking Dynasty - went over into the Southern 16th Dynasty after the Hyksos Invasion and conquest of Avaris and the flight of the 13th Dynasty Roayl Clan to Thebes. 

EPHRAIM's (Ankhu's) both sons and his grandson later ruled as Vizierkings over the 16th and 17th Dynasty. This great future of EPHRAIM and his seed was prophecied by his forefather JACOB before he died in Genesis 48:19 and finds its echoes in the time of the Enslavement of Israel in Northern Egypt in form of an archeologically evidenced "Ankhu's office" in Southern Thebes (see chapter Moses). Thus for over one complete century until at least the Hyksos Invasion in 1729 BC, JOSEPH and EPHRAIM obviously had a striking influence on the selection of Pharaohs and EPHRAIM's sons SHUTELAH and BERIAH were trying to continue this tradition in Thebes as later shown in Chapter Moses. The often by egyptologists so-called "nonroyal" ancestry of Pharaohs and their Semitic names also reveal that they were selected - as leading egyptologists more and more realized. A yearly rotation of Pharaohs in the 13th Dynasty is to the greatest extent corroborated by Ryholt’s research results‘ conclusion “This period further witnessed no less than 24 kings [SC : Pharaos], whose reigns on the average lasted little more than one year” (Ryholt 1997 p. 298): In this regard his conclusion is proven right in this work for even 34 Pharaohs. A yearly Pharaoh selection and rotation system also explains the seemingly intransparent reign times and the minimum of spectacular reign attributes, monuments, and building projects in the 13th Dynasty:

"Ludwig Morenz believes that Dedumose's stele text 'acclaimed to the kingship'
may confirm the controversial idea of Eduard Meyer that certain PHARAOHS were ELECTED to office."
"It is generally held that the VIZIERS DOMINATED the KINGS during the Thirteen Dynasty and held the actual power. It has even been suggested that there was a kind of selective kingship where the administration INSTALLED and REMOVED the KINGS at will.“
(Kim Ryholt 1997, The Second Intermediate Period, page 283)

„There are strong grounds for regarding the hereditary principle of royal succession as having thoroughly broken down during the Thirteenth Dynasty, with continuity of GOVERNMENT vested, for at least part OF the time, in a FAMILY OF VIZIERS.“
(Barry Kemp, in Trigger et al., A Social History, 154)

„However, since the administration remains unaffected and its head,
the VIZIER, forms a stable pole in the change of kings,
one could think that the administration now APPOINTS and DEPOSES the KINGS.“ (Wolfgang Helck, Geschichte, pages 118-119)

„Families of CIVIL servants slowly form through HEREDITARY offices,
which gain more and more influence through marriage politics until they SURPASS the ROYAL FAMILY IN POWER …
Finally, the families of civil servants appoint members of their class as Kings.”
(Wolfgang Helck, Politische Gegensätze, page 41)

According to Ryholt - who disagrees with these positions -
the suggestion of SELECTIVE KINGSHIP during the Second Intermediate Period goes back to Junker.
(Herrmann Junker - Delaporte, Die Völker des Antiken Orients, pages 104-105).

Vizier Zamonth "… is perhaps the founder of the VIZIER’s family
in which the OFFICE was HELD for at least THREE GENERATIONS."
(Wolfram Grajetzki: Court Officials of the Egyptian Middle Kingdom, London 2009 p.36, pl.3)


Egyptologists meanwhile see in that Vizier Ankhu was one of the most influential leaders of the 13th Dynasty and that his family (father, sons, grandsons) was the main stable ruling power that time. 

 (C. Adela Oppenheim et al., Ancient Egypt Transformed. The Middle Kingdom, 2015, p. 260-261)

According to David Rohl, Ankhu was archeologically evidenced contemporary called pa-Aam which means "Eastern Semite" or according to Egyptologists‘ encoding "Asiatic" (W.C. Hayes: A Papyrus of the late middle Kingdom Brooklyn 1955, plates 11,51,58). In his book "The Exodus" he secondly finds out that an "Aamu" = an Eastern Semite "Kui" was archeologically evidenced contemporary called "Resseneb" (W.C. Hayes: A Papyrus of the late middle Kingdom Brooklyn 1955, plates 11,51,58). That are two striking indications that Vizier Ankhu and his son Vizier Resseneb - and thus also Ankhu‘s father Vizier Zamonth - are archeologically evidenced Semites; Today the mother’s lineage is the deciding lineage but in JOSEPH‘s time the father’s line was the deciding lineage evidenced in the Bible.

Pictures: JOSEPH's brothers/ EPHRAIM's uncles BENYAMIN and LEVI
become Pharaohs/ Shepherd Kings and Fathers of Shepherd Kings
(The author had found and lost again scriptive evidence for Benyamin having lisped matching the drop falling from his beard in the picture; further relating reader’s investigations are welcomed)

JOSEPH'S BROTHER BENYAMIN 

AND THE FIRST PHARAOS OF THE 13TH DYNASTY

-THE FIRST SHEPHERD KINGS -

(The reader is invited to use the Chronology of Pharaohs at the beginning of this Chapter as supporting help to easier follow the textual pieces of information.)

As we have already seen JOSEPH's further sons can be evidenced identified as Pharaohs of the 13th Dynasty. This finally leads to the question, if the way of stabilizing JOSEPH's Vizierking Dynasty by announcing family members as Pharaohs may already have been originally initiated directly after Pharaoh Amenemhat‘s III death.  Genesis50:22 (together with Jubilees46:3 and Codex Athod Koutloumenosas 178,10,11r-13r) reveals that JOSEPH ruled over complete Egypt for 80 years. He is archeologically matching Vizierking ZaMonth KhnumHotep later called Month(u)hotep:

The Story of Joseph & Asenath states that "Pharaoh left his DOMINION and his CROWN of the KINGDOM to JOSEPH and died.": In the ancient Hebrew Story of Joseph & Asenath originated in Egypt (http://markgoodacre.org/aseneth/translat.htm) JOSEPH's only full blood brother of the same mother RACHEL BENYAMIN and his half brother LEVI - both sons of Father JACOB - are described as JOSEPH's most beloved and trusted brothers. His brothers DAN and GAD and Pharaoh Amenemhat's III predeceased son are described as having the deadly worst relationship to JOSEPH: Amenemhat's III only blood son would not only have tried to kill JOSEPH as his foreign throne and marriage rival but he even would also have tried to kill his own father who had chosen JOSEPH to continue his rulership over Egypt after his death. So his memory would most plausibly have been fully deleted by Pharaoh Amenemhet III after his son's failed murder attempt and his own violent death. Thus JOSEPH's biblically evidenced beloved only full-blood brother BENYAMIN would be the most trustful and best candidate for JOSEPH to be appointed as the first Pharaoh succeeding Amenemhet III. Pharaoh Amenemhet III obviously agreed fully with this idea because he archeologically evidenced adopted (BENYAMIN) Amenemhet IV and taught him in a co-reign phase the role of a Pharaoh. Leading Egyptologist for this time period Kim Ryholt confirms Amenemhat IV does not seem to have been a blood son of Amenemhat III because of his non-queen mother and because Amenemhet‘s III Kingdaughter and later Queen Nofrusobek's inscriptions were ignoring his existence. This is also clear archeological evidence for the rivalry Joseph had to handle somehow between Nofrusobek as blood daughter of Pharaoh and Benyamin Amenemhet IV as the by Pharaoh chosen heir. Amenemhat's III daughter Nubhetepti-khered is most plausibly the wife of Amenemhat IV because Hor I the son of both had been buried next to her. BENJAMIN would have become by this way also the adopted son-in-law of Pharaoh Amenemhat III. According to the Book of Jubilees 34:20, BENYAMIN indeed married in Egypt an Egyptian woman. In The Story of Joseph & Asenath (XXVII,2) BENYAMIN is described as an 18-year-old "sturdy lad indescribably handsome and as strong as a young lion". This description is precisely confirmed by the picture of BENYAMIN in Khnumhotep's II grave in Beni Hassan already analyzed in this Chapter. 

And indeed Amenemhat IV belonged archeologically evidenced
to Vizier Ankhu's (EPHRAIM's) family
according to Egyptologist Vallogia.
(C. Vallogia, RdE21, 109-113)

And indeed Amenemhat IV
is identified as Vizier Ankhu's (EPHRAIM's) UNCLE
by the leading Egyptologist regarding this period Kim Ryholt.
(C. Kim Ryholt 1997 p. 209-211)

According to The Story of Joseph & Asenath “Levi told him (Pharaoh Amenemhet III) everything that had happened” regarding the failed rebellion of his son “And Pharaoh got up from his throne and made obeisance to Levi (for his deeds) upon the ground.” This makes LEVI after BENJAMIN the best candidate to become the next announced Pharaoh Amenemhet (V) after Amenemhet IV (Benjamin).

INTERMEZZO: AMENEMHET’S DAUGHTER SOBEKNEFERU BECOMES PHARAOH FOR FOUR YEARS

To keep the peace, JOSEPH lets Pharaoh Amenemhet’s III daughter reign under him for four years:

THE ARCHEOLOGICALLY EVIDENCED HEBREW SHEPHERD KINGS OF THE 13TH DYNASTY

- JOSEPH'S AND EPHRAIM'S HEKASHASUT FAMILY CLAN -

After the by Egyptologists so-called last 12th Dynasty Pharaohs Amenemhat IV (BENYAMIN) and Amenemhat's III daughter Sobekneferu, the following Pharaoh Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep I is the first so-called Pharaoh of the 13th Dynasty. He and following Pharaoh Sonbef are regarded by Kim Ryholt and other leading Egyptologists, including Darrel Baker, as sons of Amenemhat IV (BENYAMIN) (Darrell D. Baker: The Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs: Volume I - Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC, Stacey International 2008). 

This leads to further Hebrew Pharaoh candidates and their Biblical descendants shown in brackets in the table "JOSEPH's Pharaohs - the 13th Dynasty Pharaohs" at the start of this Chapter and in the table "MOSES' Pharaohs" at the start of Chapter Moses. At the end of every Chapter, You find a table of the Genealogy of Israel in Egypt with an overview table of the most relevant key players of the ruling lineage of Israel in Egypt.

The Book of Jubilees 46:2-3 says “And there was no Satan and no evil at all the days of Joseph's life, which he lived after his father Jacob [SC: 1804-1750 BC]. For all the Egyptians honored the children of Israel all the days of Joseph's life. And Joseph died 110 years old.” This time of the 13th Dynasty is identified as part of the “Golden Ages” by ancient Egyptian historians. One reason for this rulership time of extraordinary harmony might be indicated by the archeological evidenced fact that JOSEPH (his latest Viziername was Monthuhotep) had archeologically evidenced 10 daughters and his most beloved brother BENJAMIN had biblically evidenced 10 sons. The author proposes that both brothers most plausibly might have decided to marry their 10 sons and 10 daughters with each other promising them as wedding gift one year on the Pharaoh throne each. This would explain at least two decades of a full shepherd kings’ rulership harmony over complete Egypt in these times. And that way Father JACOB's prophecy in Genesis 49:22 of JOSEPH becoming a "fruitful tree at the fountain" and his female descendants becoming "twigs tendring over the wall" of his family would have become a third time fulfilled.

In the Story of Joseph & Asenath (XXVII,2) JOSEPH's brother LEVI is the one he most trusted besides Benjamin and Kim Ryholt's Chronology of Pharaohs (at the start of Chapter Joseph) reveals that all other here yet unclarified Pharaos are family members of the lineage of Amenemhat V who thus most plausibly must be LEVI. All in all, the reader will find sufficient evidence in this work to most plausibly realize that all Pharaohs of the 13th Dynasty were Israelites and that JOSEPH and EPHRAIM were the only real Kings in the meaning of Lifelong Rulers of Egypt in the 13th Dynasty. 

This work is revealing on and on that the 13th Dynasty of Egypt is as a matter of fact Israel's Dynasty over Egypt. For Egyptology, it may stay a riddle but for the Egyptians, in that time this rulership was even not a behind-the-scenes but a well-known Amenemhet III ordered rulership of their Savior out of Famine over all Egyptians until his death and beyond. Also, Egyptologists' convincement that over 30 rotating Pharaohs in less than 50 years were respected as and called Kings/ Lifelong Rulers is by no means plausible. 

This all sheds a totally new light on the title HekaShasut/Hyksos - translated as "Shepherd Kings" of Egypt in nearly all relevant ancient writings and identified by the historian Manetho as Hebrews. Let us now look a second time on this title like we did already do at the end of Chapter Hyksos:

The first known instance of the Hebrew Shepherd Kings called HekaShasut is an inscription in the Beni Hasan tomb and the only statue of a Semitic Foreign Ruler at all in Avaris - both of the end of the 19th century. The second known instance of the HekaShasut as Hebrew Shepherd Kings are the three Hebrew Pharaoh names Siharnedjheritef, Wegaf, and Khendjer in the 13th Dynasty. The third known instance of the HekaShasut - this time not by the Egyptians but only by themselves appointed as 'Hyksos' - is attested on Scarabs of the Canaanite Nile Delta 14th Dynasty. The fourth known instance of the HekaShasut or Hyksos is Manetho's description of the Hyksos and scarabs and inscriptions confirming Hyksos as Canaanite self appointed Northern Pharaoh title of the 15th Dynasty. The Canaanites were soldiers instead of shepherds so the meaning of HekaShasut became reduced to the general translation Foreign Kings time after time. Another reason is the growing generalized Egyptian hate against all eastern foreigners having overrun complete Egypt in the time of the 15th Dynasty and parallel 16th/17th Dynasty. Canaanite and Hebrew Semites are less and less differentiated by Egyptians, they have all become hated foreigners. The fifth known instance of the HekaShasut or Hyksos is found in Sextus Julius Africanus's epitome of Manetho for the rulers of the Southern 16th Dynasty of Thebes: They are identified by Manetho (in Josephus) as Hebrew Shepherd Kings. The sixth known indication of the HekaShasut or Hyksos is found in the Southern 17th Dynasty of Thebes: In several versions of Manetho, the 17th Dynasty is also given the title Hyksos, a fact which a second time confirms that Manetho like the Egyptians after the Exodus of Israel and the Expulsion of the Canaanites did less and less differentiate between Canaanites and Hebrews as Semites; Life was much easier when trying to forget the Ten Plagues and their responsibility for the Enslavement of their Savior's people and when only remembering an Expulsion of all hated Foreigners by the victorious Egyptian Pharaoh Ahmose I (see Chapter Moses). Finally the only unambiguously evidenced EGYPTIAN Pharaohs of the complete Second Intermediate Period are the Ahmosides of the last thirty years of the 17th Dynasty.

Pictures: Pharaohs of the first and last Phase of the 13th Dynasty - Hebrew Shepherd Kings 

WHERE DID FATHER JACOB AND HIS 12 SONS LIVE IN EGYPT?

1821-1804: Joseph lived with his family in Pharao's Summer Palace in Avaris while Pharaoh Amenemhet III lived in his main Palace in Memphis. Father Jacob had been invited by Potiphar to live in his Highpriest residence in Heliopolis/ On.  According to Jewish beatified Anna Katharina Emmerich they both became close friends and Potiphar converted to Israel’s faith and became circumcised. Israel‘s sons lived together in the House of the Twelve Sons of Israel in the center of Avaris until their families had grown too big 1804 BC.

1804-1729 BC: With father JACOB‘s death, JOSEPH‘s and his 11 brothers‘ families had grown so big that Joseph resettled his 10 brothers in Heliopolis in and around Potiphar’s Highpriest residence. This district of Heliopolis/ On became named LeONtopolis and is up until today called Tell-Yahudi the „Jewish Mount“. Joseph replaced the House of the Twelve Sons of Israel with his own new Family Palace for his and Asenath's 18 children. Joseph's Palace owned two large rooms for their sons and daughters and the largest bed of Egypt for them and their youngest infants. 

1798-1765 BC: Benjamin, Levi and their sons received Pharaoh’s Palace in Avaris after Amenemhet’s III death for their families. Benjamin became Pharaoh for 9 years, then his sons, Levi, and Levi’s sons became yearly rotating Pharaohs until Joseph’s third to sixth son became old enough for Pharaoh‘s throne.

WHAT MARC WAS USED AS OFFICIAL SEAL FOR OFFICIAL MESSAGES
OF VIZIERKING JOSEPH AND EPHRAIM
TO THE 12 SONS OF ISRAEL AFTER FATHER JACOB’S DEATH?


Picture: Impression from cylinder seal of the 13th Dynasty found in the northern part of Joseph’s Palace above the House of the 12 Sons of Israel, stratum d/1 (reg. no. 2995).

JOSEPH'S DEATH AND MANASSE'S BIRTHRIGHT CLAIMS

- MANASSE'S SONS BECOME PHARAOS UNDER EPHRAIM/ VIZIERKING ANKHU -

(The reader is invited to use the Chronologies of Pharaohs at the beginning of this Chapter as supporting help to easier follow the textual pieces of information.)

We have learned already that JOSEPH's brothers BENYAMIN and LEVI and their sons and grandsons were elected as yearly rotating Pharaohs to stabilize JOSEPH's Vizier Kingship Dynasty. After 20 years JOSEPH's younger sons had reached the age to claim their rights as Kingsons to become Pharaohs. Therefore until JOSEPH's death, EPHRAIM's brothers co-ruled as Pharaohs over Egypt. EPHRAIM had to take care of his throne rights as next Vizierking against his rival brother Pharaoh Imyremeshaw indicated by the King’s beard his sculpture shows. The Bible mentions only two additional sons of EPHRAIM in 1 Chr 7:21. They were called ESER and ELEAD and had been killed by JOSEPH's brother GAD's sons in Egypt, thus EPHRAIM (Ankhu) had no further sons to enthrone unlike his father JOSEPH.

According to Aaron Dembsky (1997, These are the Names, Manasse's Genealogies), MANASSE's sons are derivable by Numbers 26, Joshua 17, and 1 Chronicles 7. Numbers 26 mixes persons' names with land names like Gilead so the author proposes Joshua 17 corrected a bit by 1 Chronicles 7: SHECHEM is not assumed as to be SHEMIDA's brother but to be his son. Therefore MANASSE would have had five sons with an Egyptian wife not named in the Bible: AVIEZER, HELEQ, ASRIEL, HEPHER, and SHEMIDA. Before this official marriage MANASSE lived unofficially together with an Aramean concubine, therefore his firstborn son was a biblically illegitimate son; Therefore in spite of being the firstborn son he didn’t receive from his father MANASSE the firstborn rights which reminds us on MANASSE‘s own story regarding his own firstborn rights. His name is MACHIR (1 Chr 7:14). He became a commander of troups named Nehy and most likely died in the first war against the Canaanite Hyksos. His widow was called Senebtisy. She was remarried with (JOSEPH‘s son SHUTELAH) Vizier Resseneb after (MACHIR‘s) Nehy’s death. MACHIR‘s lineage will play a deciding part in the later history of ancient historian Africanus’ so called Hebrew Southern Shepherd Kings and in the rivalry between EPHRAIM‘s and MANASSE‘s lineage …

After JOSEPH's death EPHRAIM did not appoint his further brothers and Kingsons of JOSEPH as Pharaohs anymore. The Canaanites didn't stay in Assur after having killed EPHRAIM's brother Wpwauhotep/ Sobekhotep III and after having defeated his Egyptian army: They instead chased after them and tried to conquer Avaris and invade Egypt. Thus EPHRAIM needed the help of his because of his idolatry "exiled" brother MANASSE from Southern Thebes. He must have visited Avaris with his family clan to take part in the funeral ceremonies for MANASSE's deceased son MACHIR, his deceased brother Wpwauhotep/ Pharaoh Sobekhotep III and his deceased father JOSEPH Vizierking Zamonth. That time MANASSE's second son AVIEZER was the "Big Chief of Troups" of MANASSE's southern army which is evidenced by a scarab (Detlef Franke: Zur Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches Teil II: Die sogenannte “Zweite Zwischenzeit” Altägyptens. In: Orientalia. Nove Series. Band 57, Nr. 3, 1988, S. 249, Nr. 5.). Therefore  AVIEZER was enthroned by (EPHRAIM) Vizierking Ankhu as Pharao Wegaf to defend Avaris against the invading Canaanites. This explains the Book of Jubilees telling in 46:6 "And he (Makamaron) killed him (Sobekhotep III) there and chased after the Egyptians until he reached the Gate of Ermon (Heropolis). And he was not able to enter because a second new King (Wegaf) was King for Egypt and he was stronger than him ...".

MANASSE's second and last son AVIEZER/ Wegaf and HELEQ/ Khendjer are seen as the most significant Pharaohs of the 13th Dynasty by egyptologists because of their striking building activities and their “long” reign times (still only 2,3 and 4,5 years): Both these facts show their attempts to break the traditions of the yearly Pharaoh rotation system under new Vizierking Ankhu/EPHRAIM in order to occupy the throne of Kingship as Pharaohs. Their Hebrew origin is shown by their Semitic Pharaoh names. Thebes or at least Southern Egypt was their original home which is archeologically confirmed by the Southern locations of most of their archeological footprints: Karnak, Elephantine, and Abydos. EPHRAIM as Vizierking seemed to have enough power to change the Pharaoh two years after AVIEZER/ Wegaf had besieged the Canaanites. But he also seemed to have been still dependant on the military power of MANASSE's Southern clan so that he had to enthrone as Pharaoh a second son of MANASSE: To ensure better control over MANASSE's son HELEQ, (Ankhu) EPHRAIM did give his daughter Senebhenas - widow of his brother Wephauthotep/ Sobekhotep III to his nephew HELEQ, named by King Senwosret Ankhu Pharaoh Khendjer. Senebhenas was already experienced in her role as a wife with political controlling tasks. MANASSE and EPHRAIM were archeologically evidenced looking after MANASSE's son's ambitious Pyramide building project namely as "Chamberlains of the Palace Senebtefi and Ameny". MANASSE's and his sons' total assimilation into Egyptian Culture & Idolatry is evidenced in AVIEZER's/ Wegaf's plaquette from Elephantine, in his donated statue of the Egyptian deity Dedwen and in HELEQ's/ Khendjer's building projects at the Osiris temple: Osiris is the incarnation of the King in his afterlife so this indicates the probably already begun Egyptian AND Hebrew hero-worshipping of JOSEPH after his death as the idol Osiris. With his Pyramide, HELEQ/ Khendjer was preparing himself as a Half-Egyptian for his afterlife as "godlike Pharaoh" in the eyes of the Egyptians. This shows how MANASSE and his lineage in contrast to EPHRAIM and his lineage very soon became rather Egyptian than Hebrew. Many donations in the form of idol statues for the Temple of Amun in Thebes in the 13th Dynasty fit into this pattern of evidence for idolatry going through the complete lineage of MANASSE as later shown in this Chapter and also in Chapter Moses. Like AVIEZER, MANASSE's last son HELEQ also received as Pharaoh from his g'dfearing uncle EPHRAIM (Ankhu) a Hebrew Pharaoh name: Not only in order to be reminded of being a Hebrew instead of an Egyptian: "hnzr" - meaning boar according to Kim Ryholt (1997) - is the best fitting Hebrew nickname for an idolater. This is a further strong indicator for the tension field between MANASSE's family trying to assimilate as Egyptians and worshipping Egyptian idols and EPHRAIM and his family at least trying to stay Hebrews more or less loyal to the G'd of ABRAHAM, ISAAC, and JACOB. It also explains the striking absence of typical Egyptian pharaonic insignias and temples in the 13th Dynasty with the exception of the time of MANASSE's sons as Pharaohs. 

The Canaanites meanwhile hadn't gone back to Assur after having failed to invade Egypt. Instead, they stayed in the Nile Delta and established the so-called 14th Dynasty of Egypt 1750-1729 BC.

The successor of MANASSE's/ Senebefni Ibiaw‘s sons AVIEZER/ Wegaf, HELEQ/ Khendjer is called Wahibre Ibiaw. Pharaoh Ibiaw must be Vizier Ibiaw/ MANASSE himself because his exceptionally long Turin List ruling time is fitting perfectly to MANASSE‘s rest Vizier ruling time until his death 1743 BC. He must have been appointed by his brother EPHRAIM in order to end the rulership time of MANASSE‘s second youngest son HEPHER/ Pharaoh Khendjer after his Pyramid building project was finished. After 7 years EPHRAIM‘s/ Vizierking Ankhu’s army had become reenforced enough to reintroduce the former yearly Pharaoh rotation system thus establishing MANASSE as Pharaoh must have been a mixture between a recognition for his help against the Canaanites 1750 BC and farewell gift because MANASSE‘s family clan returned afterwards to Thebes. The already established 16th Dynasty of Thebes since 1750 BC and probably also the Abydos Dynasty - as a second attempt of MANASSE to take over the throne over Egypt 1750-1729 BC - is recognizable through the fact that the following Pharaoh Merneferre Aya is identified by Egyptologists as the last Pharaoh of Upper & Lower Egypt together.

Pharaoh Merneferre Aya must be EPHRAIM’s son BERIAH Vizier Imeru Aya/ Ayamerew because his exceptionally long Turin List ruling time of 24 years is best fitting to BERIAH‘s rest Viziership time until his Kingship over the 16th Dynasty. He must have been appointed by EPHRAIM to strengthen his royal house against MANASSE‘s proclaimed Southern Pharaoh‘s and Viziers of Thebes and to reintroduce the Pharaoh rotation system with a candidate that is most loyal to him - his own son.

The next following Pharaoh shows strong indications for being a further nephew of EPHRAIM/ Ankhu - as son of his former Pharaoh brother: Pharaoh Merhotepre Heni is most plausible a candidate for being the son of EPHRAIM's brothers' Pharaoh Sobekhotep's III wife Heni. Pharaoh Merneferre-Aya is the last archeologically evidenced Pharaoh of Upper and Lower Egypt which means following Pharaoh Merhotepre-Heni has already an official counter Pharaoh in Thebes claiming the rulership over Southern Egypt as a reaction to MANASSE's clan having returned to Thebes because of their failed attempts to achieve the Kingship over Egypt and because of EPHRAIM's/Ankhu's re-establishment of the traditional yearly Pharaoh rotating system.

This does mean that simultaneously to the 13th Dynasty the 16th Dynasty of Thebes already started after JOSEPH‘s death in 1750 BC as an attempt of establishing two Kingdoms under the rulership of MANASSE's clan. 1742 BC - as soon as MANASSE and his sons in Northern Egypt realized that their attempts to take over the rulership had failed - they decided to return to Thebes. Meanwhile, MANASSE‘s third son HELEQ (Jos17:2) as the successor of his father in his role as Vizier & Mayor of Thebes will have announced himself additionally as Pharaoh of Thebes and Southern Egypt before his returning brothers were able to proclaim this title for themselves: Vizier Senebhenef - MANASSE's third son HELEQ - became Thebe’s Pharaoh Sekhemre Sewosertawi Sobekhotep VIII for 16 reign years, which is the second longest safely evidenced reign time of any Pharaoh in the Second Intermediate Period.

MANASSE's second youngest son HEPHER (Jos17:2) becomes Pharaoh Khendjer. Khendjer has to marry EPHRAIM's/ Vizierking Ankhu's daughter the widow Senebhenas in order to be under better control. His name Khendjer is Semitic according to Kim Ryholt and his reign time of 4,5 years is the longest one of the 13th Dynasty, which shows his ambitions to achieve Kingship power. EPHRAIM's/ Vizierking Ankhu's answer on his kingship ambitions and his idolatry and his attempts to appear as an Egyptian is naming him by his Hebrew throne name as a wild pig: He is named Khendjer which means „Boar“. To better understand the history of MANASSE‘s tribe and lineage in Egypt the reader has to realize that changing one’s own religious identification is the most striking evidence for identifying oneself more with the people of the foreign country than with one’s own people. So MANASSE and his descendants considered themselves primarily as Egyptians as we will see also in Chapter Moses; Even the Bible treats their Pharaohs more than Egyptians than Israelites because they indeed had become primarily Egyptians. After taking over the foreign religion taking over the foreign language as one’s own mother tongue is a second typical evidence of changing one’s identity: So we have to assume that MANASSE‘s sons, grandsons and great grandsons only spoke Egyptian and even didn’t understand Hewbrew. Khendjer‘s second prenomen was Nimaatre which is Egyptian but the Hebrew King EPHRAIM ensured that he was officially and thus primarily named Boar/Khendjer.

MANASSE'S LINEAGE AND THEIR RETURN FROM THE NORTH TO THEBES 
AFTER THEIR FIRST ATTEMPTS TO ACHIEVE THE KINGSHIP

- THE FIRST PHARAOHS OF THE 16TH DYNASTY OF THEBES  -

MANASSE had five sons with an Egyptian wife who is not named in the Bible: AVIEZER, HELEQ, ASRIEL, HEPHER, and SHEMIDA. His first son AVIEZER decided to be a warrior and became an archeologically evidenced officer of the town regiment of Thebes before his coronation as Pharaoh Wegaf. His coronation is also a most plausible reconciliation of EPHRAIM with his twin brother MANASSE after Sobekhotep‘s III JOSEPH's death, Wegaf did successfully avoid the Canaanite Hyksos invasion attempt 1750 BC. The second youngest son of MANASSE was called HEPHER and is the most plausible candidate for the second Pharaoh after JOSEPH's death Pharaoh Khendjer if You take a look at his sculpture. According to the Bible, the three first sons had no own sons in contrast to their further two brothers archeologically confirmed by HELEQ‘s Senebhenef’s son in law becoming Pharaoh under him in Thebes. Identifying MANASSE's second Viziername Ibiaw led to the identification of two further Pharaohs from his family: Khendjer's successor is called Pharaoh Wahibre Ibiaw. He is MANASSE's (Senebefni Ibiaw's) biblical son ASRIEL.

According to Kim Ryholt, the first Pharaoh of the next 16th Dynasty in Thebes (see Chapter Moses) was called Pharaoh Sekhemre Sementawi Djehuti. Djehuti was Pharaoh of the 16th Dynasty of Southern Egpyt after 1750 BC and before MANASSE's clan returned from the North to Thebes after the Pharaoh's reigns of Wegaf and Khendjer and after having rejected the reinstallation of yearly rotating Pharaohs by EPHRAIM. EPHRAIM's reason for this must have been attempts of MANASSE's sons to take over the kingship claiming MANASSE's original rights as the firstborn, which are indicated by the pyramid and huge building projects of Pharaoh Khendjer (HEPHER) and his over average long reign time. In the year when EPHRAIM’s conflict with his brother MANANASSE escalated before MANASSE’s clan left the North returning to Thebes EPHRAIM exchanged the peak of the Pyramid of MANASSE’s son HEPHER with a new Pyramidon dedicated to his own son BERIAH and announced him as the new Pharaoh and Vizier of Egypt: Pharaoh Merneferre Aya was also named Vizier Iymeru Ay. He never built a Pyramid but owns archeologically evidenced a Pyramidon.

Thebes had been ruled by MANASSE as Mayor and Vizier. His Co-Vizier and successor was his biblical son HELEQ called Vizier Senebhenef, who must have been ruling over Thebes while his father and brothers tried to take over the rulership in the North. Pharaoh Djehuti was the son-in-law of Vizier Senebhenef (HELEQ) and only co-ruled for a year in Thebes. Before MANASSE's clan returned to Thebes because of EPHRAIM's re-institutionalization of yearly rotating Pharaohs HELEQ shows Mannasse’s clan’s claims of original righteous Kingship by his additionally to his Viziertitle announced title as Pharaoh Sobekhotep VIII. This is also a clear message of MANASSE's lineage to EPHRAIM not accepting the 13th Dynasty anymore by founding their own Southern Dynasty in Thebes - the 16th Dynasty. It is also a probable empowerment insurance of HELEQ against his from the North returning brothers and Ex-Pharaohs over Egypt. This all happened between JOSEPH's death and the Hyksos Invasion. Thus from around 1750-1729 BC the 13th and 16th Dynasties co-existed in parallel. Further attempts of MANASSE‘s lineage to achieve more power are probably evidenced in the upcoming obscure Abydos Dynasty 1750-1730 BC which ended with the Canaanite Hyksos war against Southern Egypt.

The Bible mentions in 1 Chr 7:14 also an Aramean concubine as the second wife of MANASSE; Her illegitimate son is biblically called MACHIR. MACHIR's sons are PERESH and SHERESH, their names are biblically combined with the geographical name Gilead, which is the region their later tribes lived in. PERESH's sons are called ULAM and REKEM. ULAM had a son called BEDAN. They will be all identified as Shepherd Kings of the 17th Dynasty of MANASSE's lineage in Chapter Moses. ULAM/ Sobekhotep IV, son of PERESH/ Haankhef was a grandson of MACHIR/ Nehy who according to all explained archeologically evidenced strong indications in Chapter Moses must have been the biblical illegitimate son of MANASSE. This lineage will further on show strong ambitions for claimed power in rivalry to EPHRAIM's lineage as we will see later on in Chapter Moses.

JOSEPH & ASENATH
AND
THE GOLDEN CALF

Heqet is a frog-headed deity, she is the Goddess of fertility, birth and regeneration. JOSEPH’s wife ASENATH gave birth to 18 children and therefore fullfilled father JACOB’s prophecy regarding JOSEPH’s fertility. Heket is referred to as the spouse of Khnum like ASENATH is referred to as the spouse of JOSEPH. Heqet is sometimes spelt Heket and identified with Hathor the Mother Goddess who is also connected with ASENATH as we will see next. Heket is holding the Ankh, the symbol of life, thus giving life to a person. In the resurrection story of Osiris (already identified with JOSEPH), it is Heket who breathes new life into the Godchild Horus. The birth of Horus is deeply connected to the resurrection of Osiris. In this way, Heket became a G’ddess of resurrection and regeneration. Horus is Osiris reborn and regenerated. MANASSE/ Senebefni is identified as Horus son of King Osiris/  Zamonth on Zamonth‘s stela CGC 20102. Heket is depicted as a frog because of the frog's connection with the flooding of the river Nile. Through the biblical frog plague the deity Heket worshipped by tribes of Israel fell under the Almighty’s judgement. Everything altogether clearly speaks for the Egyptians and Israelites having worshipped ASENATH also as Hequet. The statue and stela of MANASSE named Dewen-Month Senebtifi reveals in its inscriptions that one of his mother ASENATH’s names was Hebegeget, a name connectable with the g‘dess Heket.

Hathor, worshipped as cow goddess with the sun disc between her horns (like also  the „golden calve“), was the deity of motherhood, maternal care, of the sky, and of promiscuity. She was seen as mother of Horus (embodied by the living King), the son of Osiris; the Second Intermediate Period is the time of Syncretism of Isis with Hathor. Like Osiris was called the First of the Western, Hathor was evidenced called the First Lady of the Western and the patroness of the western miners. As already revealed JOSEPH’s/ ZaMonth’s wife ASENATH/ Henut was hero-worshipped as Isis in sycretism with many other goddesses. Her son Rensenebu is called son of Hathor „Za-Hathor“ on stela CGC20102 and Zamonth is giving sacrafice to Hathor for the Ka of his wife Henut on stela CGC42.034. This speaks strongly for ASENATH additionally having been hero-worshipped as Hathor; Hathor enables as wife and mother of Kings the reincarnation of the King as Horus; ASENATH/ Henut as the King’s wife gave birth to 2 Vizierkings and 6 Pharaohs.

The Bull deity Apis served as an intermediary between humans and other powerful deities like Ptah or Osiris. Ceremonial burials of bulls indicate that ritual sacrifice was part of the worship of the early cow deity Hathor and a bull represented her offspring, a king who became a deity after death. He was entitled "the renewal of the life" of the deity Ptah but after death, he became Osorapis, i.e. the Osiris Apis, just as dead humans were assimilated to Osiris, the ruler of the underworld. Later Apis was also identified as an incarnation of Osiris.

In order to fully understand the final conclusion of this Chapter it is necessary to remember and thus repeat something: According to Genesis41:43 and explained in Jubilees45:7 Pharaoh(AmenemhetIII) is announcing JOSEPH as Ruler over ALL Egyptians "I am not bigger than You except the throne"and proclaimed him as "G’d, G’d, the Mighty of G’d!" in Old Hebrew "El, El, Wa'Abir El!"This is also the title of JOSEPH in The Story of Joseph & Asenath 3:6 & 18:1:This means that the as a deity worshipped Pharaoh Amenemhet calls him not only the "Mighty of a G’d" but also even a G’d not smaller than himself as a G’d. So for complete Egypt JOSEPH was on the order of the G’d-Pharaoh Amenemhet III worshipped by all Egyptians as a G’d. Abir in old Hebrew means both „the Mighty“ and also „Bull“; Klaus Berger identifies the BULL as SYMBOL OF JOSEPH (Berger 1981, Jubilees50:7 Footnote a P.519) because Moses compares JOSEPH to a BULL and his firstborn sons to the bull‘s horns: „His glory is like the firstling of his bullock, And his horns are like the horns of unicorns: With them he shall push the people together to the ends of the earth: And they are the ten thousands of Ephraim, And they are the thousands of Manasseh.“ Deuteronomy‬ ‭33:17‬ ‭KJV‬. And also Joseph’s son Ephraim is called a bullock: „I have surely heard Ephraim bemoaning himself thus; Thou hast chastised me, and I was chastised, as a bullock unaccustomed to the yoke: turn thou me, and I shall be turned; for thou art the LORD my God.“ ‭‭Jeremiah‬ ‭31:18‬ ‭KJV‬‬

The Golden Bull Worshipping by Israel in the Desert - by MOSES derogatively called "the dance around the Golden Calf" - is often tried to be relativized as idolatry by rabbinical scripture interpretations and finally we can see it must indeed be relativized: The Golden Bull must now also be seen in the context of the Bull deity Month and Apis Osiris unvealed as syncretic hero-worshipping of King JOSEPH as Saviour of Egypt and after his death by several tribes of Israel. 

The biblical golden calf can also be seen as a COW and then would have to be identified with the cow godess Hathor. Obviously it is again a syncretism and melting together of the COW Hathor and the BULL Month and Apis Osiris and stands for the heroworshipping of ASENATH & JOSEPH melted together into one worshipped deity:

According to beatified Jewish Anna Katharina Emmerich the Egyptians would have robbed JOSEPH‘s mummified body to prevent the Israelites from fleeing and keeping their promise to take him with them into the promised land. And indeed this robbery is archeologically evidenced by his empty robbed (including his sarcophagus) tomb in Avaris excavated by Manfred Bietak and identified by David Rohl. And it is confirmed by a Talmudic rabbinical story, where Joseph later was buried in the Nile river, as there was some Egyptian dispute as to which province should be honored by having his tomb within its boundaries. MOSES was able by a miracle to raise the sarcophagus and to take it with him at the time of of the Exodus. The rabbinical Midrash says without Joseph's bones, the Israelites could not leave Egypt, so the Pharaoh had his coffin cast into an underground flooded chamber at the Nile. This was an attempt to prevent the Israelites ever leaving Egypt. The mummified body of JOSEPH united with the body of ASENATH would have been embedded in a sarcophagus formed as a BULL …  (Anna Katharina Emmerich, Geheimnisse des Alten und des neuen Bundes, page 109).
MOSES took JOSEPH‘s body with them out of Egypt (Exodus13:19) thus the „dance around the golden calve“ was accompanied by JOSEPH‘s hallowed remains …

The Jewish Apocryphes about MOSES' Ascension - confirmed in the NT letter of Jude (Jude9) in the Bible - clearly reveal that not just  after but furthermore before the Exodus the People of Israel was strongly infected by idolatry; They did not only have the inclination to worship Egyptian or Canaanite deities in Egypt however furthermore they had the inclination to hero-worship their own leader. And their great famous leader before MOSES was JOSEPH: The biblical and apocryphal dispute about the body of MOSES between archangel Michael and the devil shows how Michael wants to avoid Isreal's leader to be hero-worshipped a second time by the people of Israel after MOSES his death. Archangel Michael concealed the tomb of MOSES to prevent the Israelites from the sin of hero-worshipping MOSES; This would have been obviously the same sin Israel already had fallen into regarding JOSEPH & ASENATH - archeologically evidenced many times and biblically confirmed by the dance around the Golden „Calf“ ...

Black Snouted "Golden" Bull of the 16th century BC:

The Book of Genesis turns out to be an archeologically evidenced compendium of trustworthy eyewitness reports of the history of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob and Joseph.

Now this is how the Scriptures of Qumran - the Books of Moses and the Book of Jubilees - are bringing the real times of the Second Intemediate Period of Egypt, the so-called "dark period of uncertain highly speculative time estimations" to light and are purifying history from around 75 non existing years, confirming Dr. Roger Liebi's words: