Young Nomarch Khnumhotep II  biblical Potiphera or POTIPHAR WAS ONE OF THE HIGHEST OFFICIALS AT THE ROYAL PALACE. He starts his career young in reign year 19 of Amenemhet II. He is Priest of Horus (Re), he is Priest of On (Heliopolis) and Highest of Court (Law Enforcement) and sowith furthermore Chief of the Royal Prison. He becomes announced as "sole friend" of Pharaoh Senwosret II (Grajetzki 2009, Karmin 1999).
1843 BC HE WILL BUY JOSEPH AS SLAVE and will later set him over his complete house.
1833 BC HE HAS TO ARREST JOSEPH and sets him over his roayl prison (Jubilees 46:3).
1830 BC HE BECOMES JOSEPH's FATHER IN LAW and adoptive father Potiphera (in the Septuagint and Book of Jubilees Potiphar is always written the same way, vocals are missing in ancient Hebrew anyway)
1819 BC he dies.
(see Chapter Joseph)

Death of Senwosret II in his 6th official and sole reign year: He was the last supporter of the nomarchs the Egyptian nobility. According to Beckerath the temple documents of Lahun often mention the Festival of "Going Forth to Heaven" on IV Peret Day 14 as the most plausible date of death for Senwosret II (see 1819 BC). According to Wegner he must have died at the beginning of Senwosret‘s III 19 years of sole reign. The decennial festival of his death day will become relevant for dating Khnumhotep‘s II death and famous tomb picture of the Semitic family entering Egypt …

Pharaoh Amenemhet III starts his 20 years coregency with his father Senwosret III.
1822-1801 BC: Sole reign
1801-1798 BC: Co reign with Amenemhet IV
(Collier, Quirke, UCE Lahun Papyri) 

Nile level increasing in Semna (Kumma) from 12 to 18 meters: Pharaoh Amenemhet's III first Pyramid is unusably damaged at his 3rd reign year. 1827 BC at his 15th reign year his new Pyramide is built.

Memphis or Avaris: (Genesis 41:46) JOSEPH BECOMES GRANDVIZIER OVER EGYPT. HE TRAVELS THROUGH EGYPT in order to prepare the country for the future famine. JOSEPH's canal up until today called Bar Yusuph supports 7 YEARS OF PLENTY. Joseph's biblical Viziername in Genesis 41:45 is ZAFENAT PA'ANEAH which is said in original Egyptian „Djedu en ef Pa'Ankh“. This name is archeologically corroborated by his contemporary Viziernames Senwosret-Ankh and Amenemhet-Ankh. Already for Pharaoh Amenemhet's 9th reign year JOSEPH's first
Egyptian name Zamonth is discovered in Lower Nubia rock inscriptions. His adoptive son in law name is Khnumhotep. His fourth Viziername ingraved near the up until today called Joseph’s Canal is Khety (compare Franke in Quirke 1991 p.51 and see Chapter Joseph). JOSEPH‘s different names confirm his extraordinary high status as biblically worshipped Grandvizier taking over all power of Pharaoh who retires. (Chapter Joseph)

Death of Pharaoh Senwosret III in the 20th reign year of Pharaoh Amenemhet III. In the 17th to 20th reign year of Amenemhet the Nile level is increasing in Semna (Kumma) from 18m to 21m within 3 years; Dams are flooded and cause a complete loss of the harvest: It’s the start of the 7 YEARS OF FAMINE (engraved 20th reign year and 21 metres).
The Sinai Desert Copper Mine: The Oldest Alphabet was discovered by Flinders Petrie revealing uniquely distinctive Hebrew letters and words, and biblical names and events deciphered by Petrovic. Redford calls them hallmarks of the „Early Hyksos“. One of them dates into the 20th reign year of Amenemhet III. That is when Joseph was biblically traveling around in Egypt taking care against the famine.

BerSheva: THE LORD ADONAI SENDS JACOB TO EGYP (Genesis 46:3) "go down to Egypt … I go down with You … I will also bring you back …"
Avaris/ Goshen: 21st year of the reign of Amenemhet III and end of the 2nd year of famine. Father Jacobs Clan ISRAEL ARRIVES IN EGYPT AND SETTLES IN AVARIS AND GOSHEN. Jacob's sons are made King's Shepherds by Pharaoh (c. Genesis 47:6). Avaris excavator Bietak estimated the first settlement of his “Early Hyksos” into 1840-1800 BC. In 2006 back then he still called them Proto Israelites, later then he changed his mind and called them "for convenience sake Canaanites“ (Bietak 2016, pp. 267–268). He identified the earliest Stratum H building as a large villa of Northern Syrian Style (the style of Jacob's ancestors). Rohl identified it as Father JACOB's House. Excavated scarabs with the name Retjenu (Eastern Semites from the land of Canaan) were dated into the end of the 12th Dynasty. There is additional scriptive evidence of Semitic settlements around the Middle Kingdom royal residence „tj-t3wy“ in the texts of the Illahun archives, especially from the reign of Amenemhat.

Death of Nomarch (POTIPHAR) Khnumhotep II, adoptive father in law of (JOSEPH) Khnumhotep (III). POTIPHAR was buried in his famous tomb in Beni Hassan depicting JOSEPH's family; It indicates the Going Forth to Heaven Festival in 1821 BC, the 40th anniversary festival for his friend and Pharaoh Senwosret's II death in his 6th reign year 1861 BC. Kessler and Rabehl propose an anniversary festival celebration related tomb wall pictures (see also 1861 BC and Chapter Joseph). This is the last great tomb of a nomarch: During the great famine the nomarchs lost completely their wealth, status and power.

END OF 7 YEARS OF FAMINE in the 27th reign year of Amenemhet after the extension of JOSEPH's Canal. Joseph's fourth Vizier name Khety is engraved near the Bar Yusuph at his office at the 29th reign year of Amenemhet.
Thebes: In today's Wadi El-Hol oldest Hebrew Alphabetical inscriptions are excavated. They date into reign year 26 of Pharaoh Amenemhet III.

PHITOM (Lahun in Fayum): Workers Town with an increasing number of Semitic inhabitants excavated by Flinders Petrie. Fayum is identified as Phitom in local rabbinical scriptures of the middle ages as knowledge from ancient traditions. Fayum is translated as Phitom in Hebrew language up until today. For the 29th reign year of Amenemhet Hebrew Alphabetical inscriptions are excavated. In Egypt and the Sinai desert oldest Alphabetical inscriptions within 11 years have been excavated: Petrovic identified uniquely hebrew words and biblical names and events: The Hebrew name of JOSEPHS wife ASENATH is deciphered. Phitom will turn 84 years later (see 1729 BC) into a (fortified) enwalled Semitic Slave Ghetto.

DEATH OF FATHER JACOB:
JACOB's house in Avaris is replaced by a Stratum G4 palace fronted by a portico of twelve wooden columns with twelve Semitic leader graves in the garden. It was excavated by Bietak and identified by Rohl as the palace of JOSEPH. AK Emmerich and Josephus confirm the relocation of Joseph's brothers in (On) Heliopolis more precisely LeOntopolis after Father JACOB's death.

Strictly biblical year of the Death of Pharaoh Amenemhat III derived from the ancient Jewish narrative "Joseph & Asenath" of Heliopolis. Amenemhet III is succeeded by his adopted son in law and husband of his daughter Nubhetepti named Amenemhat IV 1801-1789 BC; Next Pharaoh is Amenemhet's III daughter Nofrusobek 1789-1785 BC. 1842-1795 BC is the biblical (+ Jubilees + Story of Joseph & Asenath) AND scientific conjoint reign time of Amenemhet III (Collier, Quirke 2006 p. 325). 

Egyptology defined Start of the Second Intermediate Period of Egyptian History between Pharaoh Nofrusobek and Ahmose I (Parker & Ryholt). From here on the post war Egyptologists of the "dark period of uncertain speculative estimates" added nearly a complete century of non evidenced and non existing years into Egyptian history in order to be able to ignore the evidenced fact that history’s only Vizier with a King's beard Zamonth (JOSEPH) and his son Vizier Ankhu (EPHRAIM) were the real lifelong rulers of the 13th Dynasty; They evidenced selected their close relatives as yearly rotating Pharaohs (see Chapter Joseph).

(Genesis 50:26) DEATH OF JOSEPH Vizierking ZaMonth Khnumhotep (his last fifth name was Montuhotep): After 80 biblical years of rulership as Vizierking over Egypt in the first battle of Egypt against the Canaanites in the Valley of Assur Vizierking Montuhotep‘s son Pharaoh Sobekhotep III is killed. Canaanite Ruler Makamaron (Ishme Dagan) of Assur chased after the Egyptian army but was stopped in front of Hermeapolis (Jubilees 46:7). Manfred Bietak confirms the region including Assur as the original home of the Canaanite Hyksos based on excavated religious practice relicts. Pharaoh Sobekhotep III (1749 BC acc. to Ryholt 1997 Tab.88) and his successor Pharaoh Wegaf are both evidenced as previous Army Generals (see Chapter Joseph).

Avaris: Second war of Egypt against the Canaanites of Assur leading into the by Manetho confirmed Hyksos Invasion. Canaanite Warlord Samuqenu (greek: Salitis) defeats Pharaoh Dedumose (greek: Tiatimaos) and invades Egypt and occupies Avaris. He brings Northern Egypt under his 15 years of violent rulership as self announced 15th Dynasty Hyksos King of Egypt (c. Exodus 1:8.15), bringing destruction, massacres, and ENSLAVEMENT according to Manetho, Jubilees 46:8 and Exodus 1:8 (Chapter Hyksos). This violent Invasion is also confirmed by Redford and Ryholt (c. Ryholt 1997 p. 302 and ftnt. 1057). Bietak excavated a burned down palace and (war) mass graves of 1729 BC in Avaris exactly matching Manetho‘s described destructions and massacres. Nevertheless Bietak presumes these mass graves errounously as “epidemic” evidence because they seem to him nearly a century too early for any Hyksos Invasion (see 1606 BC Ten Plagues). Bietak admits „However, this is speculation as there is, as yet, no scientific evidence for such a plague.“ (Bietak 1996, p.34).

(JOSEPH's son EPHRAIM) Vizier Ankhu flees with his 13th Dynasty Clan and army to the son of his deceased brother (MANASSE) Vizier Senebefni Ibiaw and proceeds his rulership there (evidenced by Ankhu’s at that time left and from then on unused administration residence in Avaris and by the growing increase of courtyard residences and office inscriptions of Ankhu in Thebes). Ancient historian Manetho identified the 16th and 17th Dynasty as Hyksos Dynasties. Josephus, Africanus and Eusebius confirm them as Hebrew Shepherd Kings. The evidenced Semitic towns (Avaris) Raamezes, (Lahun in Fayium) Phitom, and (LeONtopolis in Heliopolis) On (Exodus 1:11 LXX & 5th century Jubilees 46:14d) were built up as (fortified) enwalled cities by enslaved Israel: Avaris (Raamezes) is confirmed as excavated huge Semitic town „rebuilt and fortified with massive walls“ by Canaanite Hyksos King Samuquenu after his invasion according to Manetho. Lahun in Fayum is confirmed as Phitom by local middle ages evidenced millenia old rabbinical traditions and by an excavated Semitic enwalled workers ghetto including many buried newborn sceletons corroborating the biblical child mass murder. LeOntopolis in Heliopolis (On) is up until today called Tell el Yehudiye (Jewish Mound) and archeologically confirmed by excavated Hyksos „fortification“ walls around it.

From now on all occasions from the Hyksos Invasion until the Hyksos Expulsion are estimated from roughly a century down to half a century too late in Egyptology due to the ignorance of in this work proven lifelong Vizier Rulershipd over selected quickly rotating Pharaohs (Chapter Joseph). These non existing years derive from
a) over 20 non evidenced Pharaoh reign years having been overestimated
b) Ibiaw’s (MANASSE) and Aya‘s (TANACH) rulership years as Viziers in the time of the 13th Dynasty are confused with their participation in the yearly rotating Pharaoh reigns
c) Khayan‘s co ruling Southern Pharaoh Sobekhotep IV (Khaneferre) of the 17th Dynasty was misplaced into the 13th Dynasty together with his brothers and sons (see 1666 BC and Chapter Moses).

Bietak’s erroneous dating of the 15th Dynasty of Avaris into 1649-1530 BC is not without controversy within Egyptology: “… when researchers tested grass seeds preserved at the site using radiocarbon dating techniques, the results were off by nearly a century … Ryholt says the dating remains an open question, and that not all Egyptologists share Bietak’s confidence“ (Curry 2018, Archeology). Additionally Thera Eruption (around 1610 BC) radiocarbon results prove the Strictly Biblical Chronology right unveiling the timeframe between Enslavement and Exodus 1729-1606 BC as timeframe of the 15th Dynasty of Canaanite Hyksos.

1729 BC in their second war against the Canaanites of Assur THE SONS OF LEVI’s second son Kohath - AMRAM, Izhar, HEBRON, and Uzziel (Exodus 6:16-20) and their families secretly left Egypt and BURRIED THE 11 TRIBEFATHERS IN SHECHEM where 179 years later also Joseph was buried; Father Jacob (Joshua 24:32 & Acts 7:16) naturally had bought this grave for all of his sons not only Joseph. After the 11 tribefathers had been buried the Levites took their route back along Machpela in order to honor Abraham, Isaac and Jacob in their graves.

So the tombs of the 11 tribe fathers in JOSEPH‘s palace garden in Avaris meanwhile were found left empty by the invading Canaanite warriors; The Canaanites used these graves for their own leaders evidenced by Canaanite warrior equipment excavated in these graves (Chapter Joseph).

Some Levites remained in Canaan in the Machpela surrounding hill country for forty years: HEBRON‘s family named their place around Machpela near Mamre „Hebron“ (c. Genesis 23:2, Joshua 14:15). Hebron and near Lachish archeologically confirmed flourished and developed in that timeframe.  When the Levites became expelled by the Anakites (Joshua 15:14) who renamed Hebron as Kiriath Arba, they returned with their families to Egypt after 40 years (c. Jubilees 46:10; 47:1 & The Vision of Amram 4Q543-48). Levi’s grandson AMRAM father of MOSES was one of them; As a Levite he had learned reading and writing (compare Jubilees 45:16 & 47:9) the Alphabet invented by JOSEPH (Chapter Joseph) and AMRAM taught scribing and scripture (Jubilees 47:9) to his son MOSES (1666-1646 BC) before MOSES lived as Prince in Pharao Khaneferre’s palace and learned hyrogliphic and cuneiform.

Nearby in sight of the hill country of Hebron at Lachish an ancient ivory comb was unearthed by Garfinkel, Hasel & Klingbeil in 2017. For there were no elephants in Canaan this ivory comb has to be a luxury item brought from near Egypt. According to Vainstub “the comb’s inscription is written in the style that characterized the very earliest stage of the alphabet’s development” otherwise exclusively evidenced in Egypt for that timeframe (1821-1606 BC). It is the earliest record of the word “tusk” until its use in Hebrew and it bears also the oldest example of the Hebrew letter ‘sin‘. It seems to be the oldest alphabetical inscription discovered outside of Egypt before Israel’s Exodus out of Egypt and the Conquest of Canaan (see 1566 BC). However the comb was found in the one millennium younger Babylonian destruction layer of Lachish.

Hyksos Pharaoh Sakir Har (greek: Apakhnas) initiates 7 months of MURDERING 1000 MALE NEWBORN ISRAELITES (Exodus 1:16-22, Jubilees 47 & 48:14): Archeologically corroborated by tremendous increase of newborn skeletons in Lahun and Avaris. The contemporary male bone percentage in Avaris sinks from 50% to 40%. The 1686 BC Sinai 349 Hebrew Inscription confirms Israel’s contemporary ongoing enslavement and the biblical infant mass murder.
MOSES IS BORN (Exodus 2:2) after seven months of male newborn mass murdering, hidden for 3 months at home and then for a week at the Nile (Jubilees 47:3) until he is FOUND BY biblical PHARAOH’S DAUGHTER (MERIS). Pharaoh Sakir Har (greek: Apakhnas) dies. Khayan, father of MERIS becomes the new 4th Canaanite Pharaoh. He reigns for 28 years. 

Avaris:
MOSES grew up in his own family. 20 years old he was brought to his adoptive mother MERIS and BECAME AN EGYPTIAN PRINCE (Exodus 2:10, Jubilees 47:9). Ancient historian Artapanus identifies MERIS' husband as Pharao Khaneferre Sobekhotep IV: As Southern Vassall Pharaoh he achieved through this marriage the co rulership over reunited Egypt together with his father in law Hyksos King Khayan. 50 sealings of both rulers together from a secure and sealed excavation location prove the same time rulership according to Moeller, Marouard, and Ayers. Sobekhotep Mio is confirmed as Pharaoh Sobekhotep Khanefere’s eldest Kingson and successor on the Wadi Hammamat stela according to Kim Ryholt (Ryholt 1997, p. 230). He will be identified as adopted Crown Prince MOSES in Chapter Moses.

Memphis and Avaris: Canaanite Pharaoh Ippi  (greek: Apophis) reigns for 40 years. The Semitic population of Avaris grew tremendously; Bietak confirms the city grew to 250 ha around 1650 BC and became the largest city in the world.

Lahun in Fayum wasexcavated by Flinders Petri: According to Gardiner stelae and papyri confirm Semitic slave workers carefully guarded and sourrounded by a village wall separating them from the wealthier part (see 1821 & 1606 BC).

MOSES KILLS AN EGYPTIAN SLAVE DRIVER AND HAS TO FLEE TO MIDIAN IN ARABIA onto the other side of the Gulf of Aqaba in order to aboid being killed by Canaanite Pharaoh Apophis (Exodus 2:11-15, Jubilees 47). Contemporary Alphabetical inscriptions including Hebrew and biblical words were discovered in Lahun/ Fayum (see Chapter Moses). Fayum is evidenced up until today in Hebrew language and back to the middle ages by rabbinical millennia old local traditions identified as biblical Phitom.

The Egyptian nomarchs of the nome of Thebes had been spared from the famine downfall around 1820 BC thanks to MANASSE’s (Senebefni’s) support as mayor; Now Senakhtenre and his son Sequenre Tao married themselves into the Hebrew 17th Dynasty royal family of Southern Egypt and became the first Egyptian Pharaohs since the Middle Kingdom. Their wives were Tetisheri daughter of Pharaoh Sobekhotep’s IV wife Tjan and Tetisheri‘s daughter Sadjehuti. Sadjehuti is a Hebrew name (see Ahmosides in Chapter Moses).

Northern Canaanite Hyksos King Apophis’ conflicts with Southern Egyptian tributary Pharaos of Thebes increased and resulted into battles with the Egyptian Ahmoside Pharaohs Sequenre and Kamose, who were both defeated and killed by Apophis (see Ahmosides in Chapter Moses).

Khamudi was the 6th and last Canaanite Hyksos "King of Egypt" (compare Exodus 4:19). Kamose's young brother Ahmose I becomes Southern Pharao of Thebes in Khamudi‘s 7th Year of Reign.

Egyptology defined the End of the Second Intermediate Period of Egyptian History between Pharaoh Nofrusobek and Ahmose I ignoring Ahmose’s reign time as Southern Vasall Pharaoh under Hyksos King Khamudi. Ryholt is estimating 253 years. In contrast only 179 years are safely archeologically evidenced since 1785 BC. The difference of roughly a century of non evidenced non existing years in Ryholt’s chronology is melting down from (1803 BC) 1785 BC until (1551 BC) 1606 BC into about 60 years of neither archeologically nor biblically evidenced years. Their non existence is not only confirmed by the Radiocarbon results for around 1606 BC of the Santorini Eruption impact on Egypt and the Ten Plagues evidenced on the Ahmose Storm Stela (see 1606 BC The Ten Plagues); Furthermore the war mass graves of the Hyksos Invasion are exactly matching the by historian Manetho described massacres. And a burned down palace dated by Bietak correctly into c. 1730 BC and the Radiocarbon dating results of Avaris confirm from around a century (1649 BC) down to around 60 years (1551 BC) artificial non existing years in the highly speculative prevailing Chronology of the Second Intermediate Period. Bietak reveals by his confusion of the Hyksos Invasion with a speculated epidemic c. 1730 BC that it is the 13th Dynasty which is veiling roughly nearly a century of non existing years:
They are mainly veiled
a) in over 20 non evidenced reign times and 
b) in the abnormal long rulership times of 11 years for Ibiaw (MANASSE) and 24 years for Aya (TANACH) have to be explained with their long Vizier rulership times in the 13th Dynasty after one year each as part of the yearly rotating Pharaohs
c) in Canaanite Hyksos Khayan‘s archeologically evidenced co rulership with Southern Pharaoh Sobekhotep IV belonging into the 17th Dynasty. Sobekhotep had been misplaced into the 13th Dynasty together with his brothers and sons (see 1666 BC). This resulted in half a century not belonging to the 13th Dynasty.

Leading Egyptologist Ryholt’s Second Intermediate Period counts about 75 years too much and ends about 60 years too late: The 13th Dynasty counts about 100 years too much, the 15th Dynasty is about 75 years too late, the 16th Dynasty is about 100 years too late, the 17th Dynasty is about 60 years too short and ends about 60 years too late. It takes centuries until these 60 years will have melted down to zero as unveiled in this Chronology …

The Aegean Sea Santorini Island Vulcano Mega Eruption has eruptive consequences on Egypt including environmental disasters like earthquake storms and an ash cloud producing a “DARKNESS SO THICK THAT IT COULD BE FELT” Exodus 10:21. Bietak confirms Santorini Pumice in the Palace District of Avaris above the layer of the Hyksos Expulsion: Radiocarbon results confirm a time between 1620-1600 BC and Cypriot Pottery findings confirm a time around 1600 BC (Höflmayer 2012 p. 444). 

THE TEN PLAGUES - Southern Pharaoh Ahmose I initiates in his 11th to 22nd reign year a Storm Stele documenting an environmental disaster with biblical plagues, storms, destroyed temples, and darkness. 2014 Nadine Moeller and Robert Ritter (9) identified the Storm Stela text as the description of the Egyptian impacts of the massive volcano explosion of Thera/ Santorini. According to Radiocarbon results they attest a necessary correction of the reign time of Ahmose I into the time of the Santorini Eruption (which would be 1613 BC +/- 13 according to Friedrich and Heinemeier). The results of Moeller and Rittner are confirmed by many experts (Hardy, Manning, Kromer, Pfeiffer, Talamo, Kutshcera, Higham, Steier, Wild). The establisher of Radiocarbon in near eastern archeology Israel Finkelstein states Radiocarbon results are the most reliable dating proof regarding absolute dating in contrast to relative dating: Radiocarbon debunks non-evidenced and non-existing 74 years in Bietak’s Second Intermediate Period’s Chronology and even nearly a complete century in the 13th Dynasty. Radiocarbon confirms all original biblical time data, the Strict Bible Chronology of Israel in Egypt as being correct. As dogmatic defenders and experts of Albright’s Exodus Ramesses Time Paradigm Chronology Bietak and Finkelstein know that it’s changing the original biblical time data into three centuries later as they also know as experts Radiocarbon proving the original Biblical Chronology right and Albright’s „Biblical“ Chronology of Israel in Egypt as well as Bietak‘s Chronology of the Second Intermediate Period wrong. Nevertheless Bietak insists that Albright’s, Finkelstein’s and his Exodus Ramesses Time „Chronology does not allow“ any Israel in Egypt that time. And nevertheless Finkelstein rejects any chronological revision correcting timeframes for more than a decade in his Pattern of Evidence Interview with Mahoney regarding any possible Israel in Egypt. In contrast in his Bible Odyssey Interview on Chronology he admits regarding Radiocarbon „a difference of fifty years or forty years can mean a complete different historical setting“ …

Since 1606 BC (1551 BC) over half a century of non evidenced and non existing years are distorting the ancient near eastern chronology for centuries.

THE TEN PLAGUES:
The Ipuwer Papyrus (1790-1539 BC) is documenting an environmental disaster with a STORM, DARKNESS, PLAGUES, and biblical people impacts (eg THE POOR PLUNDER THE RICH in Exodus 12:35) The first three plagues combined with the Nile have their biblical impact on all people while the fourth to tenth plague have no impact on the people of Israel living mainly in the northern part of Egypt.

MOSES COMEBACK Genesis 4-15 & THE 10TH PLAGUE: BIBLICAL DEATH OF ALL MALE FIRSTBORN IN EGYPT. Ahmose’s firstborn son Sapair dies evidenced young. THE EXODUS OF ISRAEL OUT OF EGYPT: (Avaris) Raamezes and (Lahun) Phitom are archeologically evidenced abruptly abandoned by its entire Semitic population. Nearly all ancient historians and writings date the time of Israel's Exodus into the time of Ahmose’s Hyksos Expulsion. Ahmose's Pyramid and all other huge building projects evidenced had to be broken off abruptly. The biblical “King of Egypt” Canaanite Hyksos Pharaoh Khamudi and his army chased after Israel through the Sinai desert and finally sank in the floods of the Gulf of Aqaba and abruptly disappeared completely from evidenced history. In contrast to Pharaohs Ramesses and Amenhotep there is no evidence of any sceleton or tomb of Pharaoh Khamudi.

MOSES Hebrew name MOSHE written down by a Hebrew slave in a Sinai slavework Turquoise & Copper Mine is archeologically evidenced (Sinai 361) for the time when he “provoked astonishement in the year of astonishment” (see Chapter Moses).

After the Canaanite Hyksos army had sunk in the Red Sea Southern Egyptian Pharaoh Ahmose I could easily take Heliopolis, Sile, and Avaris; Excavator Bietak reveals: „… Avaris was abandoned. No conflagration layer or corpses of slain soldiers have been found …“. That was Ahmose’s 18th reign year after Northern Pharaoh Khamudi's 11th year of reign had abruptly ended. After the Canaanite civilians had left into the land of Canaan Ahmose chased after them and took their town Sharuhen after a siege battle; The „Hyksos Expulsion“ ended and Southern Pharaoh Ahmose I became the first King of Egypt of the New Kingdom Period; The highest idol was exchanged - now monolatry was practiced by worshipping Amun and also worshipping of Pharaoh had ended after the Ten Plagues had disproven divine power of Pharaoh. 

Manetho is cited by Josephus as „AFTER the departure of the tribe of Shepherds from Egypt to Jerusalem, Tethmésis (Ahmose) the King who drove them out of Egypt, reigned for 25 years 4 months until his death“. Hence Manetho’s stated 25 reign years of Ahmose I started with his Hyksos Expulsion and NOT with his first reign year as misinterpreted by most Egyptologists.

ISRAEL WANDERED THROUGH THE DESERT for fourty years until the Conquest of the Promised Land. Contemporary desert settlement places of large populations with rock sanctuaries, water sources, and Hebrew indications are found at Hashem El Tarif (biblical Mount Hor in Numbers 33 on the Sinai peninsula) and also at Mount Jabal Maqla (biblical Mount Horeb or Sinai in Midian) in Arabia. In ancient times Midian belonged evidenced to the Sinai desert east AND west of Yam Suph the Gulf of Aqaba. Carved into stone structures at the base of Mount Jabal Maqla in the form of a large altar are petroglyphs of cattle animals not native to the Arabian Peninsula, instead common in ancient Egypt. Style and subject of these carvings match Egyptian depictions of paganly worshipped cattle. These petroglyphs have been dated very roughly into around 1600 BC corresponding with the Exodus. The presence of such an altar matches the biblical account in Exodus 32, in which Aaron constructed a golden calf and an altar for Israel's worship. Aaron’s grave is biblically and archeologically evidenced located on Mount Hor (Numbers 20:22).

THE DESTRUCTION OF JERICHO
is stratigraphically evidenced by Kathleen Kenyon for the mid 16th century BC. Radio Carbon dates Jericho’s destruction into 1573 BC +/- 15 years. Both datings are proving the strictly biblical year 1566 BC right.
However most famous Bible opponent and self called original Canaanite Israel Finkelstein declares the Books of Moses, Joshua, and the Judges are by Jericho together with the Ramesses Exodus Time Paradigm disproven myths. Same time he nevertheless confirms the archeologically evidenced strictly biblical time of Jericho’s destruction in the mid 16th century BC. Jericho’s fortress is matching Egypt‘s 17th century BC Amoritic Hyksos character of fortresses (c. Kenyon 1952 in Haag 1956 c. 786). Jericho was biblically inhabited by eastern hill land Canaanites called Amorites who lived westwards the river Jordan (Joshua 5:1, 11:3).

1. Jericho is heavily fortified at the time of the conquest confirming Joshua 2:5 & 2:15

2.  Piles of brick from the base of the collapsed city wall verifies Joshua 6:20: “the wall fell beneath itself”

3. The earthen embankment required Israel to go “up into the city” in Joshua 6:20

4. Houses were built into the lower city wall and did not collapse verifying Rahab’s house location in Joshua 2:15

5. A layer of ash indicates the Israelites burned the whole city and everything in it AFTER the wall collapsed in Joshua 6:24 

6. A large amount of grain discovered at Jericho indicates

a) the harvest had just been taken like in Joshua 2:6; 3:15

b) the siege was short, only 7 days acc. to Joshua 6:15

c) the Israelites did NOT plunder the city Joshua 6:18

Jericho proves the unforgered Bible, the Strict Bible Chronology, irrefutably right. Jericho proves the Ramesses Time Exodus Paradigm irrefutably wrong. This is the opposite of what Finkelstein has convinced the world of to this day by his famous book “The Bible unearthed“.

ISRAEL’S CONQUEST
OF THE PROMISED LAND CANAAN:

1) Mid 16th century BC: Jericho is destroyed remaining nearly uninhabited without walls for centuries matching the biblical account of Joshua 6:20 & 24

2) In Ay (Kirbit El Makata) Wood excavated a fortress destroyed by fire (Joshua 7.8) to be dated into the 16th century BC according to Bimson. The biblical north side entry gate and location of Ay is archeologically confirmed.
3) Joshua 10:32: In the mid 16th century BC the city of Lachish is evidenced burned by fire. 

4) Joshua 11:10: In the mid 16th century BC Hazor is massively devastated evidenced by the destroyed palace together with the subsequent rebuilding of Hazor confirming the biblical account; The biblical King name Jabin is confirmed by his name on a tablet.
5) Joshua 24:26: In the mid 16th century BC Shechem is evidenced destroyed remaining uninhabited for a century matching the biblical account (Stern, Vol 4, p. 1347.1367) and Joshua's (24:26) biblical covenant stone was excavated published by Sellin who then became withdrawn from his excavations after opponents discarded his finding.
6) “But as for the cities built on their tels, Isra’el burned none of them except Hatzor„ (Y'hoshua ‭11‬:‭13‬)‬‬: Matching the biblical account Shilo was not destroyed by fire in the mid 16th century: however the excavated place of the tabernacle reveals the exact biblical metrics …
7) In the mid 16th century BC Laish or Leshem (Dan) is burned evidenced by an enormous MBIIC ash layer. Around 1200 BC Tel Dan is secondly burned and reconquered by the Danites evidenced by contemporary layers of ash confirming the biblical account Judges 18:27.

In the Second Intermediate Period of Egyptian History a tribe of Canaan, the Amorites (Gen 10,16), became violent rulers over the complete region of the Fertile Crescent from Babylon over Assur over Canaan to Egypt. The Lord’s prophecy to Abraham regarding these Canaanites was “… thy seed (Israel) shall be a stranger in a land (Canaan, Egypt) that is not their's and shall serve them (Canaanites  & Egyptians) and they (Canaanites) shall afflict them four hundred years; and ALSO that nation (Egypt) whom they shall serve, will I judge: and afterward shall they come out with great substance … But in the fourth generation they shall come hither (Canaan) again: for the iniquity of the AMORITES is not yet full … Unto thy seed have I given this land (Canaan) … the Amorites … the Canaanites …“ (Gen 15‬:‭13‬). This prophecy is fulfilled by the complete doom of the Canaanite Amorites from Babylon over Assur over Canaan to Egypt -finally by Israel’s Conquest of the Promised Land: The „iniquity of the Amorites“ was abominations detestable to the Lord like idolatrous whoredom, fornication and child murder & sacrifice (Lev 18:3 & 18:24, Deut 12:29).
Finally Moses (Deut 2:32) and Joshua (10:24) „tread their feet upon the necks of“ all Amorites in the hill lands westward of the river Jordan in Jericho, Ai, Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Libna, Geser, Lachish, Eglon, and Makkedah (Joshua 5-10) and destroyed them. Ancient historian Manetho reveals after Pharaoh Ahmose’s Expulsion the Hyksos had fled to Jerusalem.

There is no evidence disproving all the evidenced destructions took place within the biblical 7 years nor proving Franklin that they were „scattered throughout a complete century“; There is only highly speculative data interpretation of left liberal minimalists neither neutral nor independent declaring this. This turns out to be a political battlefield of pro and anti biblical lobbies of different chronologies challenging any truth seeker. Biased left liberal Bible opponents finally dominate the field. They declare to exclusively represent unbiased independent neutral science in this field.

You are invited to watch the strictly biblical conquest of the promised land on https://youtu.be/SgIuJpIDAII?is=OFt52DPfYI9HsrT0

The Berlin Pedestal
inscriptions resemble the spelling of the time of the 18th Dynasty (1550-1350 BC) 1606-1406 BC. Pharaoh claims to have dominated the Philistines (Ashkelon), Canaanites and Israelites as three of the most relevant peoples of  Canaan; Görg and Theis conclude that the incomplete hieroglyphic right name is best translated I-3-SR-I-L becoming the oldest evidence for the name of Israel. This is archeological evidence corroborating the Bible stating that the CANAANITES (Judges 4:2) the PHILISTINES (Judges 3:31), and the ISRAELITES (Judges 3:30-5:31) are the three most relevant peoples of the region in the strictly biblical time 1480-1380 BC which is the time of the JUDGES EHUD & SHAMGAR ruling over Israel and Moab and afterwards the time of Canaanite King Jabin. Discoverer Görg dated the spelling of the names into the reign time of Pharaoh Amenhotep II (Krauss: 1427-1401 BC) which is 1483-1457 BC when You take the Radiocarbon Dating of the Second Intermediate Period or the Bible into account. Early (1446 BC) Daters of the Exodus propose a later date in the 14th century not contradicting their theory. Late (1260 BC) Daters of the Exodus are the prevailing minimalistic majority in Biblical Archaeology and Egyptology; They ignore or doubt this pedestal disproving their Ramesses Time Paradigm.

The Soleb Inscription:

The Bible states in Judges 3:30 THE ISRAELITES conquered the complete land of Moab and OCCUPIED MOAB for 80 years 1480-1400 BC. This is the strictly biblical time of the JUDGES EHUD & SHAMGAR. The Soleb inscription estimated for around 1400 BC was discovered in an 18th Dynasty temple in Soleb in Nubia in present day Sudan excavated by Giorgini around 1960. Pharaoh Amenhotep’s III list of as dominated claimed eastern peoples mentions a nomadic shepherd people of YHWH "ta Shasu Yahweh" and contextually places them somewhere in the lands of Edom and Moab; As every Egyptologist and Archeologist admits Israel is the only people in ancient history ever evidenced having worshipped YAHWHE. This is the earliest inscription mentioning Yahweh and corroborates the historicity of the Bible (Judges 3:30). Redford states „For half a century it has been generally admitted that we have here … the name of the Israelite G-d YAHWEH …“ The people of Israel must have been at least several hundred thousands to be numerous enough to be seen as a potential threat worth receiving a cartouche. This temple was built on Pharaoh Amenhotep’s III Heb Sed festival of his 30th reign year around 1410 BC. Early Daters of the Exodus (1446 BC) date the inscription into the 40 years of desert of Israel. Late (1260 BC) Daters of the Exodus are the prevailing minimalistic majority in Biblical Archaeology and Egyptology: They attack or ignore this inscription disproving their Ramesses Time Paradigm. THE SOLEB INSCRIPTION DISPROVES THE ALLEGED EGYPTIAN ORIGIN OF MONOTHEISM: Akhenaten or Amenhotep IV knew ISRAEL AND the monotheistic God of Israel JHWH from his father Amenhotep III who knew Israel from his grandfather Amenhotep II (Berlin Pedestal).

Some Canaanite Amarna Letters in Akkadian Cuneiform are addressed to Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (1353-1336 BC) later called Akhenaten: Abdi Heber (Hebrew: Abi Ezer, Judges 8:2) King of Jerusalem asks in these letters for help and complains about the “Habiru” plundering the land of Canaan. According to the Strict Bible Chronology the Bible identifies the Habiru in the time of King Abi Ezer in Judges 6:3 concretely as Midianites and Amalekites, and the Nomads of the Syrian Desert are biblically called the “Sons of the East”; In the Amarna Letters they are calle „Shutu“ or „Shasu“ (compare Moore & Kelle 2011, p. 125 and Rainey 1995, p.483). The Bible compares the three peoples altogether with a plundering „swarm of locusts“ ruining the whole land and ruling over the land for 7 years 1340-1333 BC. Judge Gideon together with King (Abdi Heber) Abi Ezer defeated them in 1333 BC. Abi Ezer calls them in his letter a huge group of over 2000 plunderers, too. This is archeological evidence matching the unmanipulated biblical account.
Early Daters of the Exodus (1446 BC) propose to identify the Habirus with the Hebrews. This would support their Early Date Theory. The 56 years chronologically too late since Ahmose I in the Egyptian Chronology seem to have dissolved here so far. However not so Thiele’s half a century too much or too late in his Bible distorting Chronology of Israel until King Jehu of Israel …

THE JUDGE GIDEON RULED IN the strictly biblical time 1333-1293 BC. His second name is archeologically evidenced for the Time of the Judges: An excavated Ostracon from Khirbet Er-Ral bears the inscripted very rare name JERUBAAL. The same nickname was given to the biblical Judge Gideon in Judges 7:1. Currently the inscription is estimated into after 1200 BC by Exodus late dating so called minimalists regarding biblical historicity.

The Mount Ebal Curse Inscription was announced 2022 by Stripling: A Hebrew Curse Inscription including the name of the G’d of Israel JHWH was found at Mount Ebal the biblical (Joshua 8:30) so-called Curse Mountain (Deutoronomy 27). It is estimated into the time of change from bronze to iron age 1400-1150 BC. This is strictly biblically time of the Judges. This discovered Curse Inscription has to be from the year 1293 or 1290 BC according to the Strictly Biblical Chronology rediscovered by Liebi because the only Mount Ebal curses biblically documented in that time are
1. THE CURSE OF JOTAM 1293 BC AGAINST ABIMELECH AND THE TOWN SHECHEM near Mount Ebal (Judges 9:20) followed by an evil ghost sent by G-d between Abimelech and Shechem and
2. THE CURSE OF GAAL, son of Ebed, AGAINST THE JUDGE ABIMELECH 1290 BC (Judges 8:26) near Shechem.

The discovered Mount Ebal Curse inscription says: „Cursed, cursed, cursed … cursed by God JHW. You will die, cursed, cursed, cursed, You will surely die. Cursed by JHW - cursed, cursed, cursed.“ And indeed according to Judges 9:45 and 9:54 the people of Shechem and Abimelech died in a battle against each other and Shechem - a second time - became destroyed evidenced for the strictly biblical correct time. The reasons for these curses were Israel’s idolatry (idol Baal Berit) after Gideon‘s death (Judges 8:33) and Abimelech‘s killing of his 70 half brothers sons of Gideon. This curse inscription is archeological evidence for the Bible having been written in the time it states to be written, and not five hundred years later as claimed by the documentary hypothesis.
This discovery disproving their Exodus Late Date Theory is ignored or doubted by the nowadays Biblical Archeology dominating majority of so called minimalists regarding biblical historicity discarding any Israel before the 13th century BC.

IN the strictly biblical year 1290 BC THE JUDGE ABIMELECH DESTROYED SHECHEM. Judges 9:46 „And when those living in the Fortress of Shechem had heard about it, they entered the Temple of their g‘d Berit.“ Abimelech „set it on fire“ and „1000 persons died“. The remains of the ancient Fortress and the Temple confirm this destruction and are dated roughly into the time between the 17th and 12th century BC.

The back inscription of the Merenptah Stele (front inscription of 1392-1353 BC) was discovered by the father of Egyptology Flinders Petrie: Pharaoh Merenptah (1213-1203 BC) claims to have destroyed CANAAN, Ashkelon (THE PHILISTINES), AND ISRAEL. He claims he "laid waste to Israel and their seed is no more": same as in the Berlin Pedestal, ISRAEL is here mentioned a second time as one of the three same key players in this region which is archeological evidenced fitting to the Strict Bible Chronology revealing in Judges 12:7, 9, 11, 14 that Israel dominated Canaan in the Strictly Biblical Time 1227-1196 BC after the Ammonites and before the Philistines dominated their land; This was the time of the Judges Yiftach, Ibtzan, Elon and Avdon. Bible opponent Minimalists have taken this irrefutable evidence of Israel as proof for the birth of existence of Israel that cannot have existed beforehand (minimalism); They have established this refutable speculative hopythesis as only acceptable historical truth in science and fact in society. 

The biblical CONQUEST OF ISRAEL BY THE PHILISTINES in the strictly biblical years after 1196 BC is archeologically evidenced by the contemporary second destruction of Hazor around 1200 BC. The repelled Invasion of the Philistines into Egypt in the first half of the 12th century BC is archeologically evidenced by Ramesses III wall inscriptions and pictures in Medinet Habu.

THE PHILISTINES RULED OVER ISRAEL IN the strictly biblical time of 1196-1156 BC including the last 20 years in which overstrong  SAMSON of the tribe of Dan had Judge over Isreal. He never liberated Israel from the Philistines. Excavated Philistine Temples at Tel Quasile and Tel Miqne (biblical Ekron) reveal roof holding only 67 feet apart PILLARS exactly like the biblical Temple at Gaza that blinded Samson brought down with his own hands in Judges 16:29 and killed all inhabitants including himself.

In 2012 archaeologists discovered a seal in Israel depicting a long-haired man slaying a lion matching Samson’s biblical story (Judges 14:5). The seal was dated into the 12th century BC the strictly biblical time of Samson. The Danites brought Samson’s story to Greece becoming the foundation of the Heracles legends. Samson being the real life original of legendary Heracles has been confirmed by many historians of the last three millennia (for further evidence see also Chapter Red Sea Crossing, Passage “The 16th century Mycenean Red Sea Crossing eyewitness story”).

Tel Dan: THE CONQUEST OF LAISH BY THE TRIBE OF DAN
- around 1170 BC the strictly biblical time after Judge Simson - is archeologically evidenced by the destruction of Laish for the early 12th century. From then on Laish is named Dan.
Around a century later in 1096 BC the 450 years of the Judges come to its end. The time of the Kings begins with the reign of Saul, David and Solomon with 40 years reign time each.

The Biblical Time of the Judges 1546-1096 BC reveals Israel's constantly recurring falling away from faith into Canaanite idolatry due to the Canaanites not having been expelled out of Israel. Archaeological evidence in this regard confirming the Bible is claimed by anti-biblical so called minimalists as proof that Israel did not exist at that time and that Israel’s monotheism did not exist before the Assyrian conquest of Israel 722 BC.

SOLOMON‘s Six Chamber Gates:

„And this is the reason of the levy which king SOLOMON raised; for to build THE HOUSE OF THE LORD, and HIS HOUSE, and (build up) the MILLO, and THE WALL of Jerusalem, and HAZOR, and MEGGIDO, and GEZER. For Pharaoh (Siamun) king of Egypt had gone up, and taken Gezer, and burnt it with fire, and slain the Canaanites that dwelt in the city, and given it for a present unto his daughter, Solomon's wife. And Solomon (re)built Gezer …“ (1 Kings‬ 9‬:‭10.15‬-‭17)‬ ‭‬‬According to Kitchen Pharaoh Siamun commemorated his victory over Gezer and other places by depicting himself in a formal battle scene relief at the Temple in Tanis. The three contemporary huge Six Chamber Gates of the same building type in Hazor, Meggido and Gezer match this biblical account of Solomon’s building projects and mirror the wealth and power of his Kingdom. Dever excavated Gezer‘s Six-Chamber-Gate‘s destruction by fire during the campaigns of Pharao Shishak in the 5th year after Solomons death (2 Chron 12:2), which proves its construction in the strictly biblical time of Solomon. According to Kitchen Pharaoh Shishak/ Shoshenq in his Triumphal Relief is also referring to the defeated “hydebet dawit” Highlands of David: “This would give us a place name that commemorated David in the Negev barely 50 years after his death, within living memory of the man.” According to the unfalsified Bible it was only 5 years after his death 1021 BC. he built up Millo (Stepped Stone Structure), the City Wall and the foundations of the eastern wall of King David’s Palace, together with a fourth Six-Chamber-Gate were excavated by Mazar in the City of David. (The pottery of the Gate was originally dated to 1015-975 BC. Then Mazar tried to date the Gate later because of Thiele’s nonbiblical dating of Solomons reign into 971-931 BC. The unfalsified strictly biblical time data reveals 1016-976 BC as Solomon’s reign time as exactly originally approved by the pottery, so that way the Strict Bible Chronology is archeogically approved correcting the conventional chronologisation attempts.)
„And Solomon reigned over all kingdoms … unto the land of the Philistines … they brought presents, and served Solomon all the days of his life.“ (1 Kings ‬‭4‬:‭21‬)‬‬ Archeological evidence corroborating that SOLOMON REIGNED OVER THE PHILISTINES is his contemporary Six-Chamber-Gate built in Ashdod. His Palace building type and his mighty Six-Chamber-Gates became so popular that they were copied by the Syrians and in Lachish even generations later.

The Kurkh Victory Stele of the Assyrian King Salmanassar III is the oldest definite evidence of a Northern King of Israel: It is „KING AHAB“ the son of King Omri.

The Mesha Stele/ Moabite Stone is a victory monument set up by the MOABITE KING MESHA, recording his rebellion against Israelite subjection in 2 Kings 3 in strictly biblical year 890 BC (dating differences are based on Thiele‘s nonbiblical estimations). ISRAEL, the God JHWH and THE HOUSE OF DAVID are archeologically evidenced in Semitic Alphabetical writing. Langois, Lemaire and Delorme having used new imaging techniques unequivocally confirmed the House of David/ BET DAWID inscription: „The reading BT DWD is confirmed once and for all”. 

Conclusion: 
The Egyptian Pharaoh of 1021 BC, the Moabite King of 890 BC, and the Aramean King of 886 BC, all three confirm archeologically evidenced KING DAVID AS THE FOUNDER OF THE KINGDOM OF JUDAH.

 
Tel Dan Stela

On the famous Tel Dan Stela (picture) including the „House of David“ Inscription the Aramean King claims to have defeated the KING OF ISRAEL JORAM AND THE KING OF THE HOUSE OF DAVID (biblically often evidenced as designation): The stela recounts a campaign of Hazael of Damascus in which he allegedly defeated both Jehoram King of Israel and AHAZIAH KING OF JUDAH. According to 2 Chron 22:5-6 they both were only wounded by him. Instead they both were killed afterwards by Jehu, the next King of Israel. Ahaziah ruled only in the strictly biblical year 886 BC (dating differences are based on Thieles non biblical estimations) Thus one of ancient Israel’s fiercest enemies more than a century after King David’s death still recognized David as the founder of the kingdom of Judah.

The Black Obelisk of the Assyrian King Salmanassar III states in its military report against Aram-Damaskus the tribute payments of THE KING OF ISRAEL JEHU, son of Joram, who is bowing down in front of Salmanassar in its picture.

„Israel is no more“

Assur conquers Samaria and the Northern Kingdom called Ephraim. The people of Israel is deported and exchanged with peoples of Assyria; An inscription of Tiglath-Pileser III boasts of making Hoshea king 10 years earlier after his predecessor had been overthrown: „Israel/ Omri-House … overthrew their KING PEKAH and I placed HOSHEA AS KING over them. I received from them … [tri]bute and brought them to Assyria.“

Hoshea later stopped his tribute payments. This lead to the fall of Samaria and Israel in 2 Kings 17,4-6.

Photo Credit: Tamar Hayardeni/ Wikimedia Commons/ Public Domain


Oldest surviving Text Evidence of the Bible

The Ketef Hinnom Scrolls are the oldest surviving texts known from the Hebrew Bible. They are dated to the early 7th century BC. The text is written in the Paleo Hebrew script on unrolled silver scrolls. It contains the priestly blessings of THE BOOK OF NUMBERS 6:24-26 IN THE HEBREW BIBLE and is the oldest portion of scripture discovered to date (Barkay 2003, pp. 162–171).

Compilation of the Hebrew Bible the OT the Tanakh by Nehemia 440 BC 5 years after his return to Jerusalem (Nehemia 1) according to Seder Olam of Yose Ben Halfta in AD 165.

Oldest archeologically evidenced copies of the Core Hebrew Bible the Torah written by Moses 1606-1566 BC were discovered in Qumran 1948. It’s oldest Torah copy fragments are from the 3rd century BC and match the Septuagint text of around 265 BC. It is Moses’ Hebrew Torah translated into the ancient world’s lingua franca Greek by 70 Jewish translators in Alexandria in the time of Ptolemy II in order to make the Word of the Lord known to the complete world. Younger Qumran discovered copy fragments of the second and first century BC match the Masoretic texts. They became two centuries later the Tanakh of reformed Judaism as anti christian answer on their former Septuagint the cited OT Bible of all NT authors and persecuted Early Christianity of the first three centuries.